Objective To know the actual level of hair lead levels in children of Xi'an. Methods Hair samples were collected from 203 children aged 7-13 years of an urban primary school and a suburban one during April-June, 2001. The hair lead levels were measured with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results The geometric mean of hair lead levels of children in urban area was 4.69 ?g/g, while in suburban area it was 1.67 ?g/g. There was a significant difference between them (t=7.78, P=0.001). The younger group had a higher hair lead levels in urban area and suburban area. With age, hair lead levels showed a significant down trend. There was no significant difference had been seen between boys and girls living in the city, but the hair lead levels of rural boys(median 2.92 ?g/g) were higher than rural girls (median 1.52 ?g/g), P=0.02. Rate of high hair lead (13.2%)of urban children, based on the standard (≥10.0 ?g/g), was higher than rural children (1.2%) (?2=9.18, P=0.002). Conclusion The hair lead levels of the children living in urban districts are higher than that in the suburb area of Xi'an city. The rate of high hair lead of urban children was higher than that of the suburban children. The hair lead levels of children aged 7-13 years in Xi'an have showed a down trend with age. There is no significant difference between boys and girls in urban area, but the hair lead levels in suburban boys is higher than that of the suburban girls.

Objective To understand the feeling of mothers of children with osteogenesis imperfecta during the accompany of children's diagnosis and treatment.Methods A total of 20 mothers of children with osteogenesis imperfecta participated the semi-structured interview.The data were analyzed by Colaizzi's method of phenomenology.Results Three themes were acquired including heavy psychological burden,facing multiple pressure and mother's support through analysis,reorganization and extraction of the subjects.Conclusions Mothers of children with osteogenesis imperfecta needed humanistic concern and emotional support.Nursers should adopted personalized care measures to improve their quality of life.

Objective To investigate the improvement of quality of life of patient with Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) after knee joint cavity injection of hyaluronic acid.Methods Fifty KBD patients were selected in Yongshou County Shaanxi Province,and accepted knee joint cavity injection of hyaluronic acid (25 mg) for four times,one time a week.SF-36 health questionnaire was used to evaluate the quality of life of KBD patients,and the quality adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated after 2 months.Results The total score of the quality of life of KBD patients was improved from 38.81 ± 17.39 to 49.35 ± 17.95 after knee joint cavity injection of hyaluronic acid.The scores of physiological function (PF),body pain (BP),general health (GH),energy (VT),social function (SF) and mental health (MH) in the eight dimensions of SF-36 scale were 54.42 ± 21.25,47.42 ± 20.80,48.00 ± 26.12,61.05 ± 19.14,68.09 ± 28.73 and 68.74 ± 14.85,respectively,after the treatment,which were higher than those before the treatment (41.51 ± 22.11,27.63 ± 11.78,38.76 ± 25.14,51.97 ± 18.14,57.89 ± 30.95 and 56.95 ± 20.47,t =-3.942,-6.344,-2.494,-2.785,-2.819 and-4.245,all P ＜ 0.05).The QALYs of KBD patients increased 0.051 ± 0.044 with 2 months followed up.Conclusion The quality of life (PF,BP,GH,VT,SF and MH) of KBD patients could be significantly improved after knee joint cavity injection of hyaluronic acid.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of prevention of recurrent femur fracture in children with osteogenesis imperfecta.Methods Data of 35 patients (19 boys,16 girls) who were treated for femur deformity due to osteogenesis imperfecta at our hospital from Jun 2009 to Jun 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.The average age of the patients was 9 years 3 months,ranging from 3 years 6 months to 13 years 1 month.All the patients had suffered from recurrent femur fractures before which led to femoral deformity.The mean angulation angle was 55° (range,10°-90°).10 patients were operated at one side;the other 25 patients were treated bilaterally.None of them received operation before for fractures.The average incidence of femur fracture before operation was 2.4/year (range,2-4).According to the modified Sillence classification system,9 were type Ⅲ OI,14 type Ⅳ,and 12 type I.The curved deformity of the femurs were corrected by osteotomy and stabilized by telescopic intramedullary rods in 35 patients.Results All the 35 patients were followed up for a mean period of 62 months (range,36-72).The average healing time of the osteotomy site of the femur was 8.5 weeks (range,7-12).The patient was encouraged to begin weightbearing and walking when the Xray film showed healing of the osteotomy site.By the latest follow up,80％ of the patients could stand and walk independently.The incidence of femur fracture decreased significantly to the level of 0.3±0.1/year,compared with the level of 2.4± 1.3/year before operation.All the parents of the children were satisfied with the result of deformity correction.At the latest follow up,the Barthel index score increased from 71.82 (range,51-92) before operation to 92.32 (range,82-100) postoperatively,while the WeeFIM score increased from 53.32 (range,42-72) before operation to 78 (range,70-86) postoperatively.The difference of Barthel index score and WeeFIM score between that before and post operation was significant.The children's selfcare and motion ability improved obviously after operation.During follow up,22 patients suffered from recurrent fracture of the femur by various degree,7 of them were treated by open reduction and telescopic rodding surgery,while the other 15 patients were treated conservatively because the fracture displaced or angulated minimally and the fracture healed uneventfully.Conclusion The telescopic intramedullary rod can maintain the correction of the femur deformity and improve the quality of the bone,thus prevent the recurrent fracture of the femur in children with osteogenesis imperfecta effectively.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of extendable intramedullary nail on children with femoral deformity due to osteogenesis imperfecta.Methods From June 2009 to June 2012,21 patients with femoral deformity due to osteogenesis imperfecta were treated with extendable intramedullary nail.There were 13 males and 8 females,aged from 9 years and 6 months to 15 years and 7 months (average,12 years and 3 months).All children had been performed osteotomy on the shaft of femur and implanted with non-extendable nail before 2-4 years (average,3 years).All children had suffered refracture and deformity,including 9 children with femoral bending deformity and 12 with refracture.The deformity angle ranged from 10°to 30°,with an average of 15°.According to revised Sillence classifications,there were 6 cases with type Ⅲ and 14 with type Ⅳ and 1 case with type Ⅴ.Twenty-one patients were operated with extendable nail for fixing fracture and correcting deformity and incisions were 2-3 cm long and located on the great trochanter and distal osteotomy point.Results All of 21 children were followed up for 6-30 months (average,18 months).The bone healing time was 7-12 weeks (average,8.5 weeks).Patients started to walk after X-ray showing bone union.Parents of 21 children were satisfied with surgical operation effect and deformity correction.The Barthel index score improved from 72.85 (range,50-90 points) preoperatively to 91.42 (range,80-100 points) postoperatively at the latest follow-up of patients.WeeFIM index score increased from preoperative average of 55.42 points (range,40-70points) to postoperative average 79.00 points (range,70-86 points).Ten of all children with stick aid preoperative could walk independently after small incision repairing,and 6 of all children in sickbed preoperative,4 of 6 children could walk independently,2 of 6 children could walk with stick aid.Conclusion Small incision repair with extended intramedullary nail operation therapy is advantaged.It gets less bloody,less damages,less pain,less healing time and walking after removing plaster.

Objective To evaluate specific clinical and imaging features of osteogenesis imperfecta V and to improve diagnostic accuracy of this disease. Methods Data of 15 patients with osteogenesis imperfecta type V were retrospectively analyzed for their clinical and imaging features. There were 10 males and 5 females, aged from 1 year and 30 years old (median age,12.5 years ). All 15 patients had plain X-ray, and 4 of 15 had CT. All data were analyzed by 3 experienced deputy chief doctors in OI according to OI V standard. Results X-ray:calcification of the interosseous membrane between radius-ulna was detected in all patients and calcification of the interosseous membrane between tibia-fibula was detected in 2 of 15 patients. Dislocation of the radial head was seen in 13 of 15 patients,bilateral in 9 and utilateral in 4.All patients showed restriction in the pronation and supination of the forearm and restricton in the flexion and extention of the elbow joint. Patients with dislocation of raidal head were associated with large coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna. Hyperplastic callus of the extremities were detected in 7 of 15 patients (7 at femur , 3 at humerus, 1 at tibia.In early stage, hyperplastic callus showed thin cortice, and clear boundares with the diaphysis showing and low density, irregular, mesh-like lamellation inside. In the later stage, there were dense calcification inside hyperplastic callus, and no difference in density with the diaphysis. Diaphysis surrounded by hyperplastic callus had clear boundaries with the hyperplastic callus. No cortical destruction was detected. CT:there were sparse needle-dot calcification inside hyperplastic callus, with the patterns of granular, ring-and-arch,irregular streaky mineralization. The cross section of proximal femoral shaft showed irregular shape , flat square shape and tiny medullary cavity, with no calcification on the edge of hyperplastic callus. CT value:-91 HU inside hyperplastic callus; 283 HU in femoral shaft. Conclusions Interosseous membrane between radius-ulna or tibia-fibula, hyperplastic callus ,dislocation of the radial head are specific features in osteogenesis imperfecta V. X-ray can make a definitive diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta V. CT scan is helpful in the differential diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta V from osteosarcoma.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect with peter-williams intramedullary nail on children with humerus deformity due to osteogenesis imperfecta.Methods Data of 9 patients with humerus deformity due to osteogenesis imperfecta were retrospectively analyzed from Jun.2009 to Dec.2012.There were 7 males and 2 females,aged from 6 years to 10 years and 7 months(average 8 years and 3 months).There were 7 unilateral humerus deformity and 2 bilateral humerus deformity with severe radius and ulna deformity.The humerus fracture frequency was from 4 to 13 times (average,7.9 times)There were 2-3 deformity points in 9 patients (average 2.09 deformity points).The deformity angle ranged from 20°-100° (average 57.3°).The Constant-Murley scores were 16-24 scores (average 20.44).According to revised Sillence classifications,there were 6 cases of Type Ⅲ and 3 cases of Type Ⅳ.Eleven humerus of 9 patients were osteotomied and fixed with peter-williams intramedullary nail.Results All of 9 children were followed up for 12-66 months(average 22 months).The bone healing time were 8-12 weeks (average 9.5 weeks).Parents of 9 children were satisfied with surgical operation effect and deformity correction.The Constant-Murley scores ranged from preoperative average of (20.44 ± 2.79) points (16-24 points) to postoperative average of (35.56 ± 2.60) points(30-38 points) at the latest follow-up of patients,there was a statistically significant in score before and after treatment(t =0.20,P ＜0.05).Number 4 patient,one patient was found suffering from dorsal thumb numbness postoperatively after 3 days back stretching limitation.Considering the radial nerve stretching injury,treatment with neurotrophic drug for 3 months,symptoms disappeared.There was no infection,or osteomyelitis,no vascular damages.Epiphyseal plate injury or premature closure and affecting growth were not found in all of the patients at the latest follow-up examination.Conclusions Treatment with osteotomy and peter-williams intramedullary nail fixation on children with humerus deformity due to osteogenesis imperfecta is advantaged.It gets less damages,no intruding shoulder joint,less bleeding.The greatest degree of correction of the deformity can be achieved,and the shoulder joint function and the quality of life can be improved.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of telescopic intramedullary rod for treatment of femur fracture or deformity correction in children with osteogenesis imperfecta,and to analysis the result of prevention recurrent fracture as well as the complication.Methods Data of patients who were treated by telescopic intramedullary rod for recurrent femur fracture or curved femoral deformity from March 2015 to December 2015 were prospectively analyzed.There were 39 boys and 26 girls.The average age of the patients was 9 years 2 months,ranging from 3 years 5 months to 13 years 4 month.All the patients had suffered from recurrent femur fractures leading to femoral deformity.The mean angulation angle was 58° (range,30°-95°).Among 69 sides,there were 21 sides of new fracture and 48 sides of deformity.Sixty-one patients were operated at one side and the other 4 patients were treated bilaterally.According to the modified Sillence classification system,there were 5 cases of type Ⅰ,17 type Ⅲ,34 type Ⅴ,3 type Ⅴ,2 type Ⅵ and 4 type ⅩⅤ.Results All the 65 patients were followed up for a mean period of 32 months (range,15-43).The average healing time of the osteotomy site or fracture site of the femur was 8 weeks (range,7-12).The patient was encouraged to begin weight bearing and walking when the Ⅹ-ray film showed healing of the osteotomy or fracture site.By the latest follow up,80％ of the patients could stand and walk independently,The incidence of femur fracture decreased significantly to the level of 0.5±0.2/year,compared to 2.7±1.8/year before operation.All the parents of the children were satisfied with the result of deformity correction.The children's self care and motion ability improved obviously after operation.During follow up,6 patients suffered from recurrent fracture of the femur by various degree,1 of them was treated by open reduction and telescopic rodding surgery,while the other 5 patients were treated conservatively because the fracture displaced or angulated minimally and 4 patients healed uneventfully while 1 patient need plate fixation to augment the axial stability.In 3 patients (1 type Ⅳ,2 type Ⅲ) the intubator failed to elongate with the growth of the distal femoral epiphysis,and in 2 patients the obturator migrated proximally which needed to be re-fixed.Low toxic infections occurred in 2 patients (type Ⅵ) which were treated successfully by removal of the rod and antibiotics.Conclusion The telescopic intramedullary rod can maintain the correction of the femur deformity and improve the quality the bone,thus prevent the recurrent fracture of the femur in children with osteogenesis imperfecta effectively.

Objective To study the method and therapeutic effect of Peter-Williams intramedullary nail in children with tibia fracture due to osteogenesis imperfecta.Methods A total of 30 children of tibia fracture due to osteogenesis imperfecta,including 17 males and 13 females in Department of the Third Orthopaedics and Osteogenesis Imperfecta Center,Tianjin Wuqing District People's Hospital from June 2015 to January 2017,were operated on the shaft of tibia with Peter-Williams intramedullary nail.Twelve cases were left tibia fracture,13 cases were right tibia fracture,and 5 cases were bilateral tibia fracture.Twenty of 35 tibias were accompanied with no tibial deformity,and 15 of 35 tibias were accompanied with different degrees of anterior arch bowing deformity.The movement and life self-care ability were evaluated according to Functional independence measure (WeeFIM) evaluation form.Results All of the children were followed up for an average of 18 months(ranging from 10 to 26 months).The average operating time was 1.2 hours(0.75-2.50 hours).The average bleeding was 60 mL(30-100 mL).The average bone healing time was 10 weeks (8-16 weeks).Patients began to exercise on bed after removing plaster,and to walk after X-ray showing bone healing.Parents of all children were satisfied with surgical operation,and the WeeFIM score was improved by (60.76 ± 15.57) scores (64-85 scores) preoperatively to (82.00 ± 7.50) scores (75-91 scores) postoperatively.There was a statistically significant difference in scores before and after the treatment(t =2.765,P =0.003).There was no infection,osteomyelitis,nerve damage,or vascular damage.Conclusions Therapy of Peter-Williams intramedullary nail in children with tibia fracture due to osteogenesis imperfect is advantaged.It causes less blood,less damage,with no intruding joint,correcting deformity and improving lower limb functions and life quality.