Objective To investigate the polyploid induction and identification of Nerviliae fordii for harvesting the polyploid plants. Methods The materials and methods for polyploid induction of Nerviliae fordii were screened separately by comparing the induction rates of rhizomes and bulbs under natural conditions and tissue culture environment, and by comparing soaking method with agar method. The effects of colchicine concentration ( 200, 300, 400, 300 mg/L), colchicine action time ( 7, 14, 21, 28 d), DMSO concentration ( 0, 10, 20, 40 mL/L) and KT concentration ( 0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/L) on induction rate were observed by orthogonal design method. The polyploid induction in the treated plants was identified by morphology, cytology and chromosome methods. Results After the tissue culture rhizomes were treated with 300 mg/L colchicine, 10 mL/L DMSO, and 2.0 mg/L KT by agar method for 28 days, the polyploid induction rate arrived to 50%, showing better induction effect. The morphology of polyploid plants was characterized by giantism, and the leaf length, leaf width and plant height were respectively 152.17%, 158.67%and 60.90%of those of the diploid plants. The length, width and density of stoma of leaf epidermal cell as well as the number of chloroplast in the treated plants were 138.46%, 153.00%, 59.09% and 109.09% of those of the untreated plants. The results of chromosome identification showed that the amount of the tetraploid ( about 40) was 2 times of the diploid chromosome ( about 20) in the treated plants, proving that the achieved Nerviliae fordii was a tetraploid plant. Conclusion Polyploid plants of Nerviliae Fordii have been successfully obtained, which will supply evidence for improving species, richening seed-breeding resources, and selecting of improved seeds of Nerviliae fordii.

Objective To investigate the effect of interleukin-4 (IL-4) stimulation on the expression of FcεR Ⅰ αt and NK-1R on mature mast cells(MC) cultured and differentiated from mouse bone marrow stem cells,and then to study if these MC also respond to substance P (SP) both in FcεR Ⅰ α and NK-1R dependent manners.Methods Bone marrow cells were aseptically flushed from BALB/c mouse femurs into complete RPMI 1640,followed by culture with stem cell factor (SCF 100 μg/L),IL-3 (15 μg/ L) and IL-4 (0,10,15,20 and 25 μg/L,respectively).The culture medium was changed once a week.The morphological changes of culture cells were observed under inverted microscope.After 4 weeks culture,the cells were collected and appraised by toluidine blue staining and flow cytometry.The expressions of surface CD117,FceR Ⅰ α and NK-1R on these cells were detected by flow cytometry and Western blot.Bone marrow MC were activated with SP (0,0.01,0.1,1.0 and 10 mg/L,respectively) for 30 min.The histamine released into the supernatant and stored in the protoplasm was quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The percentage of histamine release was calculated as a percent of total histamine content.Results When different concentrations of IL-4 (0,10,15,20,25 μg/L)were added into RPMI 1640,the positive rates of CD117 on MC surface were expressed as (94.8 ± 1.3)％,(95.7 ±2.5)％,(94.1 ± 1.3)％,(96.6 ± 1.0)％,and (96.6 ± 1.1)％,respectively,and there was no significant difference among these groups (F =8.51,P ＞ 0.05).The positive rates of FcεR Ⅰ α were expressed as (81.5 ±2.6)％,(84.2 ± 1.8)％,(91.8 ±2.0)％,(91.6 ± 1.6)％,and (93.0 ± 2.6) ％,respectively,and there was statistically increasing among these groups (F =15.76,P ＜ 0.05).Then MC were activated by SP (0,0.0l,0.1,1.0,10 mg/L),histamine from 20 μg/L IL-4 group were released (20.08±1.50)％,(32.76 ±2.99)％,(42.90 ±3.36)％ 、(50.21 ±1.29)％,(56.10± 3.60)％,as similar as from 0 μg/L IL-4 were (19.37 ±2.02),(19.50 ±1.50),(21.77 ±1.91),(32.00 ±2.50),(33.56 ± 1.25),there was significantly different when compared with each other (all P ＜0.05).Bone marrow MC were shown to have the highest expression of FcεR Ⅰ α and NK-1R in culture of 20 μg/L IL-4 by the detection of Western blot,meanwhile these MC could be activated to degranulate by a lower concentration of SP (0.01 mg/L),with the release rate of histamine from MC showing a positive correlation with SP concentrations.On the other hand,MC with high expression of FcεR Ⅰα and little expression of NK-1 R cultured with 0 μg/L IL-4,could also be activated by a much higher concentration of SP (1.0 mg/L).Conclusions Bone marrow mast cells were shown to be successfully differentiated and to express NK-1R and FceR Ⅰ α upon co-culture with SCF and IL-3 or SCF,IL-3 and IL-4.When IL-4 was added into RPMI 1640,bone marrow MC could highly produce FcεR Ⅰ α and NK-1 R,thus building a better model of MC degranulation regulated by SP.And SP-controlled MC degranulation may be mediated through both FcεR Ⅰ α (immunologically) and NK-1R (non-IgE mediated or non-immunologically) pathway.

Objective:To explore implementation of post training in Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) based on Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation model (ADDIE model) , so as to explore its training effects.Methods:From January to August 2021, the development of post training courses for CSSD were completed according to ADDIE model, and 54 CSSD staff in the Second Hospital of Jilin University were selected by the convenient sampling method for post training. After the training, the Korotkoff evaluation method was used to evaluate the training effect from the aspects of CSSD staff satisfaction, theoretical assessment results and implementation rate of key technologies.Results:The satisfaction of CSSD staff with post training based on the ADDIE model was (88.44±4.01) , which was higher than the (79.72±4.90) of traditional training, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.01) . After the post training based on the ADDIE model, the theoretical assessment score of CSSD staff was (90.07±6.09) , and the score before training was (81.30±7.28) , and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05) . In addition, the implementation rate of the key technologies of the posts was higher than before the training. Except for the sterilization post, there were statistically significant differences in the cleaning post, packaging post, distribution post and receiving post ( P<0.05) , and the frequency of adverse events was 0. Conclusions:Post training based on the ADDIE model can effectively improve the ability of CSSD staff and promote positive changes in their work behavior. Both CSSD staff and hospitals have a high degree of recognition for this training.

Objective: To analyze the use of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among male students who had sex with men (MSM) with different sexual behavior patterns using potential categories, so as to provide evidence for determining the use patterns of PrEP consistent with MSM. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted by proportional sampling method on MSM in 31 provincial administrative regions in mainland China from 20 October to 30 December 2021, a total of 1 040 students were selected for the study. Latent variable analyses were conducted on a total of seven sexual behavioral characteristics, including knowledge of sexual partner HIV infection, frequency of condom use, number of sexual partners, engaging in group sex, provision of commercial sex, use of sex aids, and history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the past year. And demographic characteristics were analyzed by Logistic regression analysis. The rates of PrEP awareness, willingness to use and usage rate in different sexual behavior risk groups were investigated. Results: Student MSM could be divided into two potential category groups:a lowrisk behavior group (82.4%) and a highrisk behavior group (17.6%). The PrEP usage rate (15.8%) was higher in the highrisk behavior group, and the difference was statistically significant compared to the lowrisk behavior group (7.2%) (χ2=13.43, P<0.05). Student MSM residing in the northeast, south, and northwest of China, in the pilot city, and with a sex role of "0.5" (possible acceptance and insertion of sexual behavior) were more likely to be in the highrisk behavior group (OR=3.13, 3.07, 3.87, 2.22, 1.66, P<0.05). Conclusion Student MSM in highrisk and lowrisk sexual differs in the behavior of PrEP, and targeted interventions should be implemented to promote the use of PrEP and reduce HIV infection in this population.

The latest research findings on bidirectional regulation of neuro-immunity through traditional neural circuits shed new light on the theoretical basis of the role of vidian neurectomy (VN). This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of VN, including the history of VN, the principle of neuroimmuno-interaction, the applied anatomy of VN as well as the methods of transnasal endoscopic surgery. Additionally, we introduce the concept of the nose-brain axis, which was proposed based on the advancement in the area of neuro-immune interactions.

Objective: To investigate the current situation and related factors of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV infected male students engaging in men who have sex with men (MSM), so as to provide the reference data for HIV prevention and treatment. Methods: In November 2021, 137 MSM students from 31 provincial administrative regions in China were recruited. An online survey was conducted to collect data on demographic characteristics, ART status, CD4 count, and HIV viral load before treatment. Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors related the effectiveness of ART in MSM. Results: Among the included research subjects, 14.6% had late detection of HIV,97.1% of participants were currently undergoing ART. Among those whose ART duration was less than 6 months, while 76.9% were undergoing ART. Logistic regression indicated that HIV infected students who received ART for more than 24 months ( OR =5.28, 95% CI =1.38-20.22) had a higher rate of successful HIV suppression. HIV infected students who reported physical sensory side effects ( OR =0.08, 95% CI =0.01-0.71) and cognitive side effects ( OR =0.28, 95% CI =0.09-0.90) were more likely to experience failure of ARI inhibition ( P <0.05). Conclusions There is still room for improvement in the efficacy of ART among MSM students. Strategies to improve treatment adherence must consider individual variances among HIV infected patients and the side effects of medications when designing treatment plans.

Objective: To study the effect of dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis on the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) by the mouse model of decreased endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) after adrenalectomy, and further explore the mechanism of neural-endocrine regulation. Methods: According to literatures, adrenalectomized (ADX) mice and AR model were established. Eighty mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=20 per group) including control group, AR group of normal mice (AR group), AR group of bilateral ADX (bilateral ADX/AR group) and AR group of unilateral ADX (unilateral ADX/AR group). In order to assess the model of ADX, adrenal gland tissue was assayed by HE staining and the plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol (CORT) concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The behavioral observation, OVA-sIgE assessments and count of eosinophils/mast cells by the HE/Toluidine Blue staining of nasal septum mucosa tissue were performed to evaluate the AR model. The expression of peripheral blood CD4⁺ IL4⁺ T cells (Th2 cells) and CD4⁺ IFN-γ⁺ T cells (Th1 cells), splenocytes of CD4⁺ CD25⁺ Treg cells (Treg cells) were measured by flow cytometry to study the influence of endogenous GC on immunological indexes in different groups of mice. SPSS 16.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results: The concentrations of OVA-sIgE in control group, AR group, bilateral ADX/AR group and unilateral ADX/AR group mice were (28.86±3.62) ng/ml, (76.27±16.47) ng/ml, (48.37±8.89) ng/ml, (49.86±7.19) ng/ml, respectively. There was statistically significant difference between control group and AR group (t=7.09, P<0.05), AR group and bilateral ADX/AR group (t=4.81, P<0.05), AR group and unilateral ADX/AR group (t=5.21, P<0.05). The level of Th2 cells in different four groups were (0.71±0.24)%, (7.03±1.95)%, (2.44±2.06)%, (3.20±1.21)%, respectively. There was statistically significant difference between control group and AR group (t=-2.93, P<0.05), AR group and bilateral ADX/AR group (t=-4.67, P<0.05), AR group and unilateral ADX/AR group (t=-3.61, P<0.05). The expression of Th2 in bilateral ADX/AR group is lower than that in unilateral ADX/AR group without significant difference (t=4.39, P>0.05). Meanwhile, the level of Th1 cells in different four groups was (0.58±0.76)%, (0.57±0.59)%, (0.72±0.34)%, (1.03±0.32)%, respectively, with no significant difference among these groups. The proportion of Treg cells was (11.10±2.18)%, (4.10±1.07)%, (7.15±0.92)%, (4.58±1.05)%, respectively, with significant difference between control and other groups (t value was -7.171, -8.273, -8.360, respectively, all P<0.05). Compared with AR group, Treg cells increased significantly in bilateral ADX/AR group (t=-2.607, P<0.05). In addition, lower expression of eosinophil and mast cell were detected in the local nasal tissue of bilateral ADX/AR group, and mast cell degranulation wasn′t be observed. Conclusion Unilateral or bilateral ADX leads to HPA axis dysfunction and endogenous GC deprivation, possibly regulating the mechanism of AR through Th1/Th2 immune bias and Tregs cell′ activity.

Dysregulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) is closely related to tumor development and progression. As promising anticancer targets, HDACs have gained a great deal of research interests and two decades of effort has led to the approval of five HDAC inhibitors (HDACis). However, currently traditional HDACis, although effective in approved indications, exhibit severe off-target toxicities and low sensitivities against solid tumors, which have urged the development of next-generation of HDACi. This review investigates the biological functions of HDACs, the roles of HDACs in oncogenesis, the structural features of different HDAC isoforms, isoform-selective inhibitors, combination therapies, multitarget agents and HDAC PROTACs. We hope these data could inspire readers with new ideas to develop novel HDACi with good isoform selectivity, efficient anticancer effect, attenuated adverse effect and reduced drug resistance.