Footbath is a safe and easy thermal therapy, however, it may cause stress on our body depending on the temperature. Temperature dependent changes of stress biomarkers in the saliva or urine, and of R-R variability by footbath were studied, and mechanism of effects and side effects were discussed.
Subjects were 14 healthy adult females (32±6 yeas old). The experiments started after permission of the Ethical Committee of International Research Center for Traditional Medicine. They took footbath at 38, 40, 42°C and control study after providing informed consents. They took footbath after 10min rest in a sitting position. Each footbath was 30min long, followed by 10min rest. The same subject participated in the studies four times at the same time of day before lunch. These experiments were in a random order four days apart each other except menstruation periods. Their ECG R-R variability and their concentration of salivary IgA and urinary 8 (OH) dG/creatinin were measured before and after footbath. The autonomic nervous balance was estimated from FFT analysis of the R-R variability; LF (0.04-0.15Hz) and HF (0.15-0.40Hz).
The results indicated that at 40 and 42°C their autonomic nervous balance estimated from LF/HF or HF power changed to sympathetic predominance. At 38, 40 and 42°C, salivary IgA increased significantly, and at 40 and 42°C, urinary 8 (OH) dG/creatinin increased significantly, while no significant change occurred in the control study.
These results indicated footbath for 30min at 40 and 42°C induced sympathetic predominance and caused oxidative stress. It was reported that oxidative stress induced activation of platelet aggregation. The oxidative stress as well as sympathetic activation may be related with the causes of the accidents during hot bathing as well as with the effects of thermal therapy. Further investigations are worth being performed.

Footbath have long been used for primary health care or for nursing, however, few researches have been reported. We intended to make footbath a safe physiotherapy or care technique in the modern medicine by more profound researches on footbath. The effect of footbath on the gastric motility was studied because footbath may promote recovery from post-surgical gastric paresis. The effects of footbath on the gastric motility and subjective hunger sensation were monitored in 14 healthy adult females (32±6 yeas old). They signed informed consents and took footbaths at 38, 40, 42°C and control footbath (by a footbath machine). The experiments started after permission of the Ethical Committee of International Research Center for Traditional Medicine.
They took footbath after 10-min rest in a sitting position. Each footbath was 30 min long, followed by 10-min rest. The same subject participated in the studies four times at the same time of the day before taking lunch (10:00-14:00). These experiments were in a random order four days apart each other except menstruation periods. Their blood pressure, ECG R-R variability and electro-gastrogram (EGG) were monitored. The subjective hunger sensation was asked before, during and after footbath. The autonomic nervous balance was estimated from FFT analysis of the R-R variability. LF (0.04-0.15Hz) and HF (0.15-0.40Hz) components of the R-R variability were calculated. EGG was also analysed by means of FFT to calculate amplitude and frequency. The results showed the amplitude and frequency of EGG increased depending on temperature. However, the correlation between HF power of R-R variability and amplitude of EGG showed negative correlation. Regarding hunger sensation, more cases felt hunger in 38, 40°C than in control. At 42°C, the amplitude and frequency were apparently higher than in other temperatures, while the hungry cases were less than in 38 or 40°C. These discrepancies may be caused by the artifact due to sweating on the abdominal EGG leads, considering high b wave of EEG at 42°C.
In conclusion, it was indicated that footbath may promote gastric motility and induce hunger sensation at 38-40°C in healthy volunteers.

It has been almost ten years since Huaier products were first introduced to Japan as a health food. Due to its positive results on tumor treatment, Huaier became a notable Traditional Chinese Medicine and even, doctors of Kampo Medicine, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and Integrative Medicine in Japan are gradually becoming aware of it. In fact, Huaier products have also been confirmed to be effective against noncancer-related diseases, such as respiratory and kidney diseases. In this paper, we summarized and discussed in detail scientific evidences supporting its application to diseases other than cancer.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)-enriched water, one of the Japanese pharmacopeias, has been used as an alternative thermotherapy to treat the intractable diabetic skin diseases. However, few scientific researches on the physiological effects of CO₂-enriched footbath have been reported. Fifteen males (aged 22-52, 31±10) took part in this study after providing their written informed consents. They took three kinds of footbath (plain water, CO₂-enriched water and control without water) at 38°C for 30min in random sequence. Their core temperature from oral and tympanic membrane, cutaneous blood flow, tissue hemoglobin concentration at the cerebral frontal cortex and trapezoid muscle, systemic blood pressure, heart rate variability, salivary IgA, comfortable feeling with face scale were measured before, during and after footbath. CO₂-enriched footbath showed significant physiological effects on the systemic and peripheral circulation. Local (under water) cutaneous blood flow, and tissue blood flow of the frontal cortex were significantly higher than in the plain water footbath. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate in CO₂-enriched footbath were also lower than those in the plain water footbath. Heart rate variability of CO₂-enriched footbath showed an decrease of LF/HF ratio and more HF/(LF+HF) ratio than that of plain water footbath. These parameters indicated lesser stress for the heart in CO₂-enriced footbath than in the plain water footbath. The relaxing effect of CO₂-enriched footbath was also indicated from the results of face scale and salivary IgA concentration. All of these results supported that the CO₂-enriched footbath was less stressful and more relaxing, and had more physiological effects on the local systemic and cerebral circulatory system and autonomic nervous system than plain water footbath.

Objectives : The objective of this study is to develop a Japanese version of the Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire (CCMQ) in Chinese, which is comprised of 60 items with 9 sub-scales, and evaluate its reliability and validity. Methods : We conducted a survey of 130 participants in the Toyama area of Japan from Dec. 2005, to Feb. 2006. A test-retest method was used. Feasibility was evaluated by the response times to the questionnaire, and the response rates of the CCMQ items. Internal consistency within the sub-scales was assessed by Cronbach's α coefficient. Reproducibility was confirmed between the first and second occasions using weighted kappa and Spearman correlation. Lastly, criterion validity was evaluated by correlation between CCMQ and SF-36 sub-scales. Results : Response time was 8 minutes on average and its rate was nearly 100%. Internal consistency was achieved for each of the 9 sub-scales with a 0.65 to 0.79 α coefficient. Reproducibility ranged from 0.41 to 0.81 for the items, and from 0.79 to 0.88 for the sub-scales. Regarding the criterion validity, the “Gentleness type” sub-scale was positively correlated with SF-36 (0.46, P<0.001), while other 8 pathological constitutional types of the CCMQ were negatively correlated with SF-36 (-0.35 to -0.50, P<0.001) as expected. Conclusions : We developed a Japanese version of the CCMQ and found acceptable levels of reliability and validity using a survey of 130 subjects in Japan. This suggests that the CCMQ could be a useful tool in comparing the constitution profiles between Chinese and Japanese.
Japanese language ; Chinese People ; Questionnaires ; SF Brand of Topical Fluoride ; Medicine

 Physiological changes induced by the localized bathing of hands, feet, and simultaneous hand-foot baths were studied and compared with each other in order to elucidate the physiological mechanism of hand and foot baths. Fifteen healthy adult males (32±10years old) took hand, foot, and simultaneous hand-foot carbonated (module mixture type artificial carbonated bath, at a CO₂, concentration of 1,100±100 ppm, pH 4.8) and freshwater baths (pH 7.4) at 38°C, and assumed a control sitting position following a randomized controlled design. They took 7 kinds of localized baths mentioned above at 1-week intervals. Each localized bathing session involved a 5-minute rest in a sitting position, the 30-minute bathing, followed by a 10-minute rest. Subjects’physiological parameters, such as the heart rate, blood pressure, near infrared spectroscopy of the forehead, laser Doppler flowmetric findings for immersed (foot) and non-immersed (shoulder muscle) body surface capillary fiow, as well as the body temperature of sublingual and tympanic membranes were monitored.
 While no physiological changes occurred during the proximal 5-10 minutes after starting simultaneous hand-foot baths, the body temperature, cerebral tissue circulation, cutaneous blood flow of the non-bathed skin, and heart rate increased and the diastolic pressure decreased in the distal half of 30-minute carbonated and freshwater baths. These physiological changes would probably be due to the thermal effect.
 However, the proximal 5-10 minutes after staning hand and foot carbonated baths showed opposite autonomic changes, which disappeared in the simultaneous hand-foot carbonated baths. Freshwater localized hand and foot baths did not lead to such differences. The cutaneous blood flow of bathed skin of the hands and feet was also significantly different only in the carbonated baths, while no differences were obtained in the freshwater hand and foot baths.
 Taken together, 38 °C and 1,100 ppm carbonated localized baths (hands and feet) showed opposing heart rate variability just after staning bathing, and they induced different cutaneous blood flow changes during bathing. These physiological differences in hand and foot bathing may be due to somato-autonomic and axonal refiexes induced by skin nociceptive ion channels with different sensitivities and reactions due to the varying pH of the bathing medium, and due to different hydrostatic pressures of the hand and foot baths.

Hot water extract of adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) seed, commonly called Yokuinin, has been used as herbal medicine for treating verruca vulgaris, et al. Although there have been a number of studies on the usefulness of Yokuinin, the pharmacological assessment of its husk, pellicle, and astringent skin remains unclear. In this line, we evaluated the effect of methanol extract from all parts of adlay grain (seed, husk, pellicle, astringent skin) on cancer cells and identified its useful chemical components. Results revealed that a fraction of the extract have weak growth-suppressing activity on human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa cell). In particular, 5,7-dihydroxychromone and coixol were isolated and identified from the active fraction. This indicates the possible cancer chemopreventive efficacy of methanol extract from adlay. Moreover, further tests are needed to determine the role of 5,7-dihydroxychromone.

Adlay( Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf ) is a grass crop that has long been used in traditional medicine as a nourishing food. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of adlay related substances on carcinogenesis and anti-inflammation. The hot water extract of all parts of adlay (CRD) were compared with the hot water extract of dehulled adlay (yokuinin). In addition, the Monoolein and Trilinolein components of adlay were compared.
As a screening date, antiproliferative effect of human cancer cells showed weak biological potency on physical dose response. Prevention effect of carcinogenesis and anti-inflammatory effect were also observed in all samplles. CRD showed stronger anti-UVB inflammatory effect than that of yokuinin; while yokuinin showed stronger anti-heating injury inflammatory effect than that of CRD. Moreover, Monoolein showed stronger effect than Trilinolein on both prevention effect of carcinogenesis and anti-inflammatory effect. These result indicated that these two extracts of adlay exhibited inhibitory effect on both tumor and inflammation. In addition, it is also suggested that Monoolein is more effective than Trilinolein.

The safety and immune potential function of Fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus mixed with mushroom extracts from Grifola frondosa, Phellinus linteus and Cordyceps sinensis were evaluated. Five cancer patients and five elderly people in their 70s ingested the mixed extract for a period of 4 weeks. Results showed significant LDL-C decrease and Th1/2 increase. Moreover, Quality of Life(QOL) related to facialand extremity skin, anxiety, fatigue, cold tolerance and appetite improved significantly. Finally, the clinical test supported the safety of this mixed extracts.