A lot of samples tested daily in clinical medical labs may contain one or more kinds of disease pathogeny which are potentially of biodamage toward surroundings and staff in the lab.Biosafety has since been an internationally important topic as public health control and the controllers' health under great negative impact.Following are some strategy which deserve more attention to strengthen our scientific management efficiency in biosafety of medical labs:(1)conduct bio-risk evaluation of the lab; (2) scientifically arrange layout and analysis proccsses in labs;(3 )providc with biosaf(e)ty instruments;(4)set up document series of biosafety; (5)strengthen safety protection on lab staffs;(6)handle samples and medical waste properly.

Objective To investigate infection rate and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of Mycoplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in the genitourinary tract, and to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and therapy. Methods Genitourinary secretions were collected with swabs. They were cultured with the diagnostic kit of Mycoplasma (Biomerieux Company) to detect M. urealyticum and M. hominis. Meanwhile the susceptibility of Mycoplasma against 9 antimicrobial agents was tested with the same kit. According to the manual of the kit, the results were read. The data were statistically analyzed with WHONET5.1 and SPSS. Results A total of 1 008 samples were collected, and the positive rate was 77.5%. Among 781 positive cases of Mycoplasma, 572 were M. urealyticum(56.0%), 40 were M. hominis (4.0%), and 169 were M. urealyticum combined with M. hominis (16.7%). The susceptibility rate of M. urealyticum to Doxycycline, Josamycin, Ofloxacin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin, Clamycin and Pristinamycin was 89.3%, 95.1%, 17.5%, 64.3%, 84.1%, 14.8%, 77.8%, 90.8% and 96.5%, respectively. The susceptibility rate of M. hominis to the above drugs was 86.0%, 78.9%, 23.2%, 0, 73.2%, 57.1%, 0, 7.7% and 83.9%, respectively. The resistant rate of Mycoplasma to Azithromycin and Clamycin in 2004 was higher than that during the period of 2000 to 2003(P

Objective To monitor the distribution and resistance of enteric pathogenic bacteria in Beijing area to offer the data for guiding epidemiologic study and clinical treatment. Methods Enteric pathogenic bacteria were cultured and identified to spicies, group, and serotype with the biochemical and serologic test. Then, the susceptibility of bacterium to antimicrobial agents were tested. Results Enteric pathogenic bacteria infection occurred with male, children, and youth being prominant. It peaked in June and July. Shigellae spp and Vibrio spp were the main pathogenic bacteria of intestinal tract. There presented difference among the sensitive rates of differential spicies, or groups to antimicrobial agents. Conclusions There are many spicies of enteric pathogenic bacteria causing infective diarrhea in Beijing area. Their distributions are different in sex, age and season. The is resistance rate are different needing surveillance.

OBJECTIVE To observe and compare the application result of two kinds of chemical indicator(CI)card contained in high pressure-steam sterilization chemical monitoring testing package for providing correct credible evidence of supplying material in each batch after high pressure-steam sterilization and to avoid resource lost because of fault estimation.METHODS The chemical monitoring testing package was made according Sterilization Criteria published in 2002,with the 3M 1250 and 1243 CI cards and 1292 biology indicator(BI) to observe the results in tested package after sterilization.RESULTS The BI in chemical monitoring testing package was all qualified,the qualified rate of 1250 was 70%,while of 1243 was 100%.CONCLUSIONS If there is no BI for monitoring,1243 CI card should be chosen in high pressure-steam sterilization chemical monitoring testing package for supplying material in each batch after high pressure-steam sterilization which is not influenced by moisture and the contacted material and is easy to read and evaluate,the resource lost caused by fault estimation can be avoided.

BACKGROUND:Prosthesis selection for total hip replacement is determined by geometrical matching with femoral medullary cavity of patients and the optimal biodynamics.It is of great significance for elevating outcomes of total hip replacement.OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the biomechanics of four groups of femoral stem prostheses matched with a femar and to get a stem whose mechanics distribution is similar to the normal femur.DESIGN:Controlled observation.SETTING:Department of Orthopaedics of Oriental Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University,Department of Orthopaedics of Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA,and Department of Mechanical and Power Engineering of Shanghai Jiao Tong University.MATERIALS:Experiments were performed at the Laboratory of Life Quality and Machinery Engineering of Department of Mechanical and Power Engineering of Shanghai Jiao Tong University from December 2004 to October 2005.A male volunteer aged 40 years with the normal proximal ferout(175 cm height and 78 kg weight),free from hip disease,were selected.X-ray image of the eutopic femar was shot and wrote into memory in the format of DICOM.The volunteer signed an infonned consent.The experiment was approved by Hospital Ethical Committee.No.Ⅰ prosthesis,Zimmer versys Fiber Metal Taperl 1#,No.Ⅱ prosthesis,Plus APL 2#,No.Ⅲ prosthesis,Welink Ribbed system cementless01#,and No.Ⅳprosthesis,Lima F2L 1# were used in this study.METHODS:The ezDICOM software was used to read files with DICOM format of femoral X-ray image,which was converted into files with bmp format.The image files with bmp format of the proximal femar X ray were introduced with Matlab software after regulation,and the two-dimensional contour data of femar were extracted.Prosthesis matched with the template was set in PhotoShop 7.0 software.The two-dimensional contour data of prosthetic femar were extracted in MATLAB software.The ANSYS software was used to establish the model of geometrical and two-dimensional nonlinearity finite element ncluding femur and femur-femoral stem.Stress distribution in the proximal femur was analyzed and compared by loading.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Stress istribution of the proximal femur.RESULTS:Stress value and distribution of No.Ⅰ prosthesis and No.Ⅳ prosthesis in proximal femur were similar to the normal femar.Moreover,No.Ⅰ prosthesis was better than No.Ⅳ prosthesis.CONCLUSION:The biomechanics of femoral stem prostheses has been evaluated by analyzing and comparing the two-dimensional biomechanics of the femoral stem prostheses based on X-ray and template,which can offer support in optimal rosthesis selection.

Objective To amplify the 16S RNA fragments of 7 clinically isolated strains of Brucella spp. by PCR-RFLP technique, so as to provide experimental basis for the studies on diagnostics, genetics and epidemiology of Brucella spp. Methods According to the gene sequence of ATCC 25840 standard strain in GenBank, special primers for the 16S RNA conservative area in the Brucella spp. were designed. DNA extraction and PCR amplification of the 16S RNA fragments were performed with the 7 isolated strains. PCR products were then sequenced and RFLP analysis was conducted with appropriate restricted enzymes to study the homology and the mutation sites in those strains. Meanwhile, the clinical data of infected patients were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the relationship between the clinical features and genotypes of Brucella infection. Results The amplified target fragments were about 1500bp in length and consistent with what was expected. The sequencing and homology analysis showed a 98.88% homology and 11 mutation sites among the 7 isolated strains. Four genotypes were identified by RFLP. Retrospective analysis of the clinical data indicated that no obvious relationship existed between the genotypes and the clinical features. Conclusions Amplifying 16S RNA fragments by PCR technique is a feasible method to make an early diagnosis of Brucella infection. The 7 clinically isolated strains are different in genotypes and 16S RNA fragment is a highly conservative fragment in bacterial genome with some mutations. The research provides evidence for the genetics and epidemiology of brucellosis.

Objective To monitor features of diarrheogenic bacteria causing blood infection, so as to provide evidence for rational use of drugs in patients with cirrhosis of liver. Methods Diarrheogenic pathogens isolated from blood samples in 302 hospital of PLA from 2000 to 2010 were collected, and their components and antimicrobial resistance were analyzed. Blood samples were cultured with automated blood culture instrument (BACT/ALERT3D) and the bacteria of positive samples were identified by automated microorganism identification device (Vitek2). Furthermore, drug sensitivity test was performed by K-B method recommended by CLSI. Results A total of 140 strains of diarrheogenic bacteria were isolated from the blood samples of 140 patients, among them 117 (83.6%) were male, and the largest proportion (55.7%) of them were aged 40-60 years. The isolated diarrheogenic bacteria causing blood infection included the following genera: Aeromonas (75.71%), Salmonella (14.29%), Vibrio (9.29%) and Yersinia (0.71%). The sensitivity of these bacteria to antimicrobial drugs was different. The incidence of bacteria resistant to ampicillin and cefazolin was significantly higher, while that resistant to levofloxacin was significantly lower, and genus Aeromonas was more resistant than genus Salmonella (P<0.01). Multiple antimicrobial resistance was found in genus Aeromonas and genus Salmonella. Genus Vibrio was sensitive to most of antimicrobial drugs. Conclusions A variety of diarrheogenic bacteria with different degree of antibiotic resistance can cause blood infection, and much attention and monitoring should be strengthened.

AIM: To explore the nursing cooperation highlights of eight osteopetrosis patients underwent optic nerve decompression via transsphenoidal microsurgical approach instead of routine pathway, and to improve the quality of nursing cooperation. ·METHODS: We enrolled 8 cases ( left eye in 3 cases, right eye in 5 cases ) of osteopetrosis patients referred from the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University during February 2012 to November 2016. Patients received ophthalmic examinations including visual acuity and diagnostic imaging tests in pre-operation and post -operation. All eyes were performed surgical optic nerve decompression through endoscopic approach in assist of image guidance system. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and surgical cooperation procedure of these cases and summarized nursing cooperation experience. ·RESULTS:The operations of 8 patients were completed successfully without massive hemorrhage. Mean visual acuity improved from pre-operation (2. 5±2. 1) to post-operation (3. 4±1. 9). Cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in 1 patient and was instantly repaired during the operation. We performed the nursing strategy as postural drainage, condition monitoring and conscious assessment intra-and post-operation. ·CONCLUSION: It is the critical for this kind of surgery that both circulating nurse's high-skilled cooperation to the connection and operation of the navigation system, to treat with complication during the surgery, and scrub nurse's sufficient preparation of surgical instruments and consumables, proficient equipment delivery, meticulous management, use and maintenance of equipment.

Objective To investigate the clonal relatedness of A.baumannii isolates from senile patients by conducting cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on antimicrobial susceptibility profiling and genomic diversity.Methods Cross-sectional study was done among the 170 non-repetitive A.baumannii isolates which were collected from senile patients during two years.Longitudinal study was conducted among 77 A.baumannii collected from 8 senile patients within longtime hospitalization.Results 75.3 ％ of the 170 isolates were non-susceptible to carbapenems,and the phenotype were XDR or MDR which spread evenly all over the senile wards.The isolates belonged to 36 pulsotypes determined by PFGE.Groups Ⅰ (contain119 isolates) were major epidemic strains,which were CRAB with XDR phenotype.In longitudinal study,comparison of pulsotypes was performed for each patient and all isolates were clustered into group Ⅰ except one isolate.All the 77 isolates were XDR.Conclusion Extensive drug-resistance of A.baumannii was a serious problem in the gerontal wards.Clone dissemina tion was the most important style of XDR strains spread.Horizontal infection control measures to interrupt person-to-person transmission should be reinforced to reduce the further spread of XDR A.baumannii.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between certain unhealthy lifestyles and the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD),thus to provide the lifestyle guidelines for GERD patients.Methods:Retrospective study were conducted for 402 GERD and 276 non-GERD out-patients in Department of Gastroenterology,Third Xiangya Hospital,Central South University from August,2014 to August,2015 based on questionnaire survey,then the correlation of unhealthy lifestyles with GERD were analyzed.Results:The top 10 common symptoms for GERD were as follows:reflux,acid regurgitation,postprandial fullness,heartburn,swallow obstruction or pain,epigastric burning sensation,paraesthesia pharynges,poststernal pain,chronic laryngopharyngitis,and chronic cough.The top 8 unhealthy habits closely related to GERD were as follows:fast-eating,over-eating,spicy preferred diet,sweets preferred diet,anxious,soup preferred diet,high-fat diet,and hot eating.Single-factor analysis showed that GERD was markedly correlated to gender (male),age (≥ 60 years),BMI,smoking,alcohol fast-eating,over-eating,hot-eating,spicy preferred diet,high-fat diet,acid preferred diet,sweets preferred diet,hard food preference,strong tea preference,coffee preference,immediately on bed after meal,difficult defecation,dyscoimesis,anxious,and too tight belt,respectively (P＜0.05).Logistic multiple regression analysis indicated that the largest risk factor for GERD was the fast-eating (OR=3.214,95％ CI 2.171 to 4.759,P＜0.001) followed by the overeating (OR=2.936,95％ CI 1.981 to 4.350,P＜0.001),elderly population (OR=2.047,95％ CI 1.291 to 3.244,P=0.002),too tight belt (OR=2.003,95％ CI 1.013 to 3.961,P=0.046),and hot-eating (OR=1.570,95％ CI 1.044 to 2.362,P=0.030).Conclusion:The elderly people are at high risk for GERD,and unhealthy habits like fast-eating,over-eating,too tight belt,and hot-eating is closely related to GERD.The lifestyles such as chewing food thoroughly,splitting the meals up,warm and cool diet,keeping patients out of the too tight belt are necessary for GERD patients.