AIM: To apply the natural fermentation technology to produce indigo. METHODS: Fresh leaves of conehead were put in water and let its ferment naturally, then add lime to fermentation liquor to naturalize,indigo content was determined by HPLC. RESULTS: Fermentative temperature at 28 ℃ and oxygen supply were most important condition. CONCLUSION: Fungi can be successfully applied to indigo production.

Objective To Analyze the clinical outcomes of pediatric liver transplantation (LT) for liver-based metabolic disorders.Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis on 42 pediatric patients with liver-based metabolic disorders from June 2013 to March 2017,and analyzed the pediatric end stage liver disease model (PELD),growth and development,type of transplant,postoperative complications and prognosis of patients.Results There were 42 children with liver-based metabolic disorders (15.56%) out of all the 270 children who underwent LT.The median age was 51.0 months (range,3.4-160.9 months).Of the 42 children,19 received living donor liver transplantation (LDLT),18 cases received deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) and 5 cases received domino liver transplantation.1-,2-and 3-year cumulative survival rate of 42 recipients was 97.7%,93.6% and 93.6%,and that of the grafts was 95.3%,91.4% and 91.4%,respectively.As compared with the 194 children with biliary atresia who underwent LT,significant difference was found in PELD and weight Z-score between the two groups.Conclusion Liver transplantation is a valuable option for children with metabolic disorders,and it has gained a better prognosis.

Objective According investigate the expression of NLRP3 in liver tissues of mice with hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI),to determin the role of NLRP3 in the process of HIRI.Methods Established mice model of partial HIRI.Forty-two male C57BL/6 mice (aged 7 to 8 weeks,weight 20 to 25 g) were respectively divided into 7 groups:no-treatment control group,sham operation group,HIRI groups (2、6、12、24 h) and CY-09 group,6 mice in each group.The injury of the hepatic tissues in the 7 groups was analyzed based on detecting the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT),aspartate transaminase (AST),interleukin-1β (IL-1β),interleukin-18 (IL-18),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by ELISA.HE and TUNEL staining were used to observe the pathological changes of liver tissues after HIRI.Western blotting assay were carried out to detect the expressions of NLRP3 and Caspase-1.Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD),and one-way variance analysis was used for comparison between groups.If the variance was not uniform,Dunnett C test was used.Results Serum ALT,AST,IL-1 β,IL-18 and TNF-α of mice detected in HIRI groups were higher than no-treatment control group and sham operation group at all endpoints (P ＜ 0.05).The relative expression of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 in the liver tissues of mice in the HIRI groups were significantly higher than that in the no-treatment control group and sham operation group.Serum ALT,AST,IL-1β,IL-18 and TNF-α of mice detected in CY-09 group were lower than HIRI groups at all endpoints (P ＜ 0.05).Less hepatocellular necrosis were exhibited in CY-09 group,comparing to HIRI groups.The hepatocyte apoptosis rate of mice in the CY-09 group was significantly lower than that in the 12 h HIRI group (P ＜ 0.05).The relative expression of NLRP3 in the liver tissues of mice in the CY-09 group was significantly lower than that in other groups.The relative expression of Caspase-1 in the liver tissues of mice in the CY-09 group was significantly lower than that in other groups except the no-treatment control group and sham operation group.Conclusions HIRI cause an increase in NLRP3 expression.The inhibition of NLRP3 can reduce HIRI.

Objective    To evaluate the value of myocardial perfusion change before and after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in predicting postoperative major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Methods    A total of 70 CABG patients who received CABG completed by the same operator from January to November 2017 were selected, including 45 males and 25 females with an average age of 64.83±9.09 years. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether the patients had MACE after 1 year of the surgery, including a non-MACE group (group A, n=60) and a MACE group (group B, n=10). The clinical data of patients were compared. Results    There were statistical difference in the myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) score in the group A before and after surgery (P<0.05), and there were statistically significant differences in the left ventricular size and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) value before and 1 year after surgery (P<0.001), but no statistically significant difference in the size of left atrium (P=0.075). There was no significant difference in the preoperative and postoperative MCE score, and preoperative and postoperative 1-year cardiac ultrasound score in the group B (P>0.05). Conclusion    The change of myocardial perfusion after CABG surgery is associated with postoperative MACE. The evaluation of myocardial perfusion before and after CABG surgery is of great significance for the prognosis evaluation of patients.