OBJECTIVE:To explore a reimbursement mechanism for adverse drug reactions(ADR)suitable to the condition of China.METHODS:Based on the condition in China,we evaluated the feasibility of applying insurance mechanism into ADR reimbursement from aspects of the development of insurance industry and pharmaceutical industry as well as the characteristics of ADR etc.Meanwhile we put forward some suggestions on the construction and operation of the ADR liability insurance.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:ADR liability insurance can help guarantee patients' legitimate rights of life health,settle medical disputes,facilitate the development of pharmaceutical industry and promote ADR reporting and management work.To carry out ADR liability insurance,issues like insurance rate,national policy support and evolving of ADR monitor network should be taken into consideration.

Objective:To investigate the influencing factors and medication compliance of hypertension.Method: 3 grade-Ⅲand 15 grade-Ⅱgeneral hospitals in Anhui Province were selected by random sampling.732 outpatients with a hypertension course of 6 months or above were interviewed during July and October of 2004 with the medication compliance schedule.All data were input into computers with the software Epi info 6.04,and analyzed with SPSS 11.5.Result:①The medication compliance schedule had high reliability and validity,which could be used in the surveys of medication compliance of hypertension.②The medication compliance rate of the 732 patients was only 46.4%.③Trust in medical pro- fessionals,more attention paid to the disease,more knowledge of non-compliance harm,satisfactory family income,and longer consulting time were the common advancing factors in improving the medication compliance,but a longer duration of the medication regimen,a larger number of preparations and drugs,and higher frequency of taking medicine were the bloc- king factors.Conclusion:The medication compliance of hypertensives was generally not good,and it was influenced by many factors.It is necessary that medical professionals,patients,families and society all take part in its improvement.

Nesfatin-1, discovered in 2006 by Oh-I as an 82-ami-no-acid peptide derived from the precursor protein nucleobindin2 (NUCB2), has been identified to play an important role in the regulation of food intake and energy metabolism. Recently, it has also been found that Nesfatin-1 might be associated with the pathogenesis of depression. This article reviewed the advances in related studies on Nesfatin-1 at home and abroad, which should throw light in expliciting the physiological function of Nesfatin-1 and understanding the neurobiological mechanism of depression.

Objective The fingerprint method based on high-performance liquid chromatography for the quality control of bidens bipinnata L were firstly described and optimized. Methods HPLC system was used to obtain the fingerprint spectrum of bidens bipinnata L. The chromatography condition was ODS C18 column (4. 6mm×255mm,25μm),mobile phase Methanol-0. 2% HAc,and flow speed 1. 0ml ? min-1, detection wavelength 363nm.Results In this experiment,the standard fingerprint had been established and the similitude degree of 10 batches bidens bipinnata L. has also been obtained(0.941～0.999). Conclusion The method was accurate,reliable,good reproducibility, strong characteristic and could be used for the standard of general judgement and the quality estimation about the bidens bipinnata L.

Objective To investigate the pathogenic bacteria types and distribution characteristics of critical patients with lower respiratory tract infection in neurosurgery department,and to analyze the high risk fac?tors of lower respiratory tract infections. Methods A retrospective analysis of 80 cases of critical patients with lower respiratory tract infection in neurosurgery department of General Hospital of People Liberation Army from April 2013 to April 2014 was carried out. The pathogenic bacteria types and distribution characteristics of lower respiratory tract infection were analyzed by means of bacterial identification,and single factor and multi factor Lo?gistic regression analysis was carried out to analyze the related factors of lower respiratory tract infection.Results One hundred and thirty?four strains of pathogenic bacteria were cultured from sputum of 80 cases of patients. Among which the gram negative bacteria were 109 strains,accounting for 81.34%(109/134),while the Gram positive bacteria were 17 strains,accounting for 12.69%(17/134) and the fungi were 2 strains,accounting for 1.49%(2/134).The proportion of three kinds of pathogenic bacteria had statistical significance(P=0.004, 0.001). The single factor Logistic regression analysis showed that,younger age,use of ventilator,use of antimi?crobial drugs and pulmonary infection rate were protective factors of lung infection(OR(95%CI)=0.586(0.475-0.722),0.708(0.574-0.873),0.827(0.697-0.981);P=0.043,0.007,0.000);disturbance of consciousness, tracheotomy,insert gastric tube, surgery and pulmonary infection incidence were risk factors for lung infection (OR(95%CI)=4.769(1.069-21.276),11.612(5.438-24.792),22.989(19.385-27.263),10.426(8.789-12.361);P=0.001,0.008,0.005,0.002).The multi factor Logistic regression analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the trachea incision, the consciousness and the lower respiratory tract infection (OR(95%CI)=4.627(2.143-20.645),10.412(2.334-46.455);P=0.009,0.002).Conclusion Patients with conscious disturbance and tracheotomy were more likely to have lower respiratory tract infections. The pathogens of lower respiratory tract infections are Gram?negative bacteria,and the majority of pathogens are high resistance, and it is multi drug resistance.

AIM To observe the effects of rhIL 10 on psoriatic models and immune function in mice. METHODS The anti psoriatic effect of rhIL 10 was studied by using the models of vaginal epithelium and tail scales of mouse. ConA induced proliferation and production of IL 2 and IFN ? by T lymphocytes, LPS induced production of IL 1 and TNF ? by the peritoneal macrophages and the activity of NK cells, LPS induced proliferation of B lymphocyte were determined. RESULTS The result showed that rhIL 10 (5, 20 and 80 ?g?kg -1 ?d -1 ,sc) could significantly inhibit the mitosis of vaginal epithelial cells in mice treated with estrogen. No abnormal changes of nucleolus and organelle were found under electronic microscope. rhIL 10 facilitates development of granular cell layers in mice tail scales. There were for 2 to 3 granular cell layers and bigger granular cells in scales under electronic microscope. CONCLUSION The anti psoriatic effect of rhIL 10 is related to inhibiting hyperplasia of epidermal cells and promoting the formation of granular cells and possessing anti inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity.

Neovascularization is one of the early pathologic changes of rheumatoid arthritis(RA)synovium and is the major players in the promotion and perpetuation of pannus.Endostatin has antiangiogenic effect via inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation,migration and induction of apoptosis.The inhibition of angiogenesis in synovium by endostatin appears to be a promising means for the future treatment of RA.Also,endostatin has a therapeutic effect on RA by the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in fibroblast-like synoviocytes.

Aim To observe the effects of recombinant human endostatin(rhEndostatin) on cell cycle and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) in fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rats with adjuvant arthritis(AA),and to explore the molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of rhEndostatin on proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes(FLS) in AA rats.Methods Adjuvant arthritis was induced by Freund′s complete adjuvant in rats.Flow cytometry was applied to measure the effects of rhEndostatin on the cell cycle in AA FLS.The effect of rhEndostatin on the expression of PCNA mRNA and protein in synovial tissue in AA rats was examined quantitatively by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and Western blot assays,respectively.Results The percentage of cells in G1 phase in AA FLS decreased significantly(P

OBJECTIVE:To provide empirical reference for protecting the supply of clinical drugs. METHODS:Literature re-view was combined with the conditions of drugs that lost the bidding in the centralized bidding in Anhui province to determine the short drugs need to investigate. Questionnaire was adopted to investigate the situations and reasons of short drugs in 5 third-grade class-A hospitals of 5 areas in Anhui province from Nov. 2013 to Oct. 2014. RESULTS:A total of 5 questionnaires were sent out, and 5 were received with effective response rate of 100%. There were totally 54 short drugs in the 5 third-grade class-A hospitals, including the most serious shortage of drugs for neurocirculatory system,accounting for 20.37%. Shortage was mainly due to the low price of drugs,accounting for 48.15%,and insufficient supply,less suffering patients/low dosage and other reasons. CON-CLUSIONS:In view of the shortage of drugs,government departments should improve the drug pricing and bidding policy,pro-duction enterprises should enhance the enterprise production and development capabilities,business companies should optimize the distribution pattern of network and medical institutions should establish drug management system with a clear division of power and responsibility to relieve the drug shortages.

Objective To develop an LC-MS/MS method for determining the concentration of wogonin in dog plasma and investigate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability by different administrations of wogonin in Beagle's dogs. Methods LC-MS/MS was employed in determining the concentration of wogonin with the selected ion monitoring model after liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate of dog plasma samples. The lower limit of quantification was 0.105 μg/L. Target ions were at m/z 285.0→270.0 for wogonin and 373.3→305.3 for finasteride. In a randomized, self-control, and cross-over study, six male Beagle's dogs were treated with different administration methods in three test periods. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with DAS software (Ver. 2.0). Results The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.105-107.36 μg/L for wogonin in dog plasma samples. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of ig administration (native drug of 15 mg/kg and solution preparation of 5 mg/kg) and iv route were as follows: Cmax (2.5 ± 1.1), (7.9 ± 3.3), and (6838.7 ± 1322.1) μg/L, tmax (0.7 ± 0.3) and (0.3 ± 0.2) h for the both former, AUC0-1 (7.1 ± 2.0), (21.0 ± 3.2), and (629.7 ±111.8) μg·h/L. The absolute bioavailability of native and solution of wogonin were (0.59 ± 0.35)% and (3.65 ± 2.00)%, respectively. Conclusion The validated method is convenient, sensitive, and specific, and the improvement of wogonin solubility could remarkably increase the absolute bioavailability.