Due to practical and ethical concerns associated with human experiments, animal models have been essential in cancer research.Vast resources are expended during the development of new cancer therapeutics, and selection of optimal in vivo models should improve this process.Genetically engineered mouse models ( GEMM) of cancer have progressively improved in technical sophistication and, accurately recapitulating the human cognate condition, have provided opportunities to accelerate the development of cancer drugs.In this article we consider the different types of animal models used for predicting the results of clinical trials of cancer drugs, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each in this regard.In addition, the methods of predicting in vivo models and clinical translation are discussed.

There is remarkable heterogeneity in the history of the bladder cancer,which makes it essential to evaluate individualized prognosis risk of each patient.The Nomograms model is more convenient and accurate than other prognostic models,can provide significantly accurate individualized risk estimations that facilitate management decisions.The Nomograms model has been regarded as the most accurate and discriminating prognosis model to the patient of bladder cancer,and its development has a bright future.While the Nomograms Model has several weakness itself,which would be remedied through more researches and new predictors.Before Nomograms Model can be accepted in practice,we really need better evidence that they improve patient care and outcomes.

Objective To investigate the value of the three-dimensional endorectal ultrasonography (3D-ERUS) in the tumor staging before transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM).Methods The clinical data of 30 patients with rectal cancer who underwent 3D-ERUS before TEM at the Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from April 2012 to December 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.The accuracy,sensitivity and specificity of the 3D-ERUS were evaluated according to the results of the postoperative pathological examination.The consistency of the results of the 3D-ERUS and postoperative pathological examination were compared by Kappa consistency test.Results Of 30 patients,25 patients in stage T0,3 in stage T1 and 2 in stage T2 were diagnosed by preoperative 3D-ERUS.There were 2 patients (stage pT0) with inflammatory polyp by postoperative pathological diagnosis,6 patients (stage pT0) with tubular adenoma,16 patients (stage pT0) with villioustublar adenoma,2 patients (stage pTis) with carcinoma in situ,2 patients (stage pT1) with tectal adenoma and 2 patients (stage pT2) with rectal adenoma.There were 2 patients with excessive tumor staging by 3D-ERUS,1 patient in stage pT0 was misdiagnosed in stage T1,1 in stage pT1 was misdiagnosed in stage T2 and 1 in stage pT2 was misdiagnosed in stage T1 with insufficient tumor staging.The accuracy of 3D-ERUS in the preoperative tumors staging of TEM was 90.0％ compared with the resuls of postoperative pathological examination.The accuracy,sensitivity and specificity of 3D-ERUS in stage pT0,pTl,and pT2 of TEM were 96.7％,90.0％,93.3％ and 96.2％,50.0％,50.0％ and 100.0％,92.8％,96.4％,respectively.There was a significant difference in the consistency between preoperative 3D-ERUS and postoperative pathological examination (κ =0.685,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion 3D-ERUS is an accurate clinical method in the preoperative tumors staging of TEM,and can be used as the preoperative assessment for TEM.

A bolus injection of endotoxin and platelet activating factor ( PAF ) via external jugular vein in rats resulted in severe pulmonary edema, accompanied by significant increase in extravascular lung water volume, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF ) protein concentration, BALF cell counts and polymorphonuclearcyte percentage. PAF receptor antagonist SRI63-441 showed partial protective effects on endotoxin and PAF induced lung edema and BALF cytological changes.

Objective To observe the apoptosis of neuron and protein kinase B (Akt) expression after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)in rats, and investigate the interference effect and mechanism of ?-aeacine sodium on ICH injury.Methods All Sprague - Dawley male rats were randomly divided into normal group, pseudo -operation group,model group and therapeutic group treated with ?-sodium aeacine.The latter three groups were divided into five subgroups respectively :6 h,12h,1d,3d and 7d.ICH models were performed by injection Ⅶ type collagenase into the the right globus pallidus.By the methods of in situ terminaldeoxynucleotidyl transferase- mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and immunohistochemistry, The dynamic changes of apoptosis and the expression of AKt protein were observed in the damaged cortex.Results TUNEL-positive cells appeared at 6h after collagenase injection in the model group and the expression of AKt increased at 12 h.They reached their peak at 3rd day, and were still present during 1 week. The numbers of TUNEL-positive cells in 1 d, 3 d, 1 week after ICH decreased markerly in treatment group than those of in model group ( P

Objective To study the effects of lead exposure on expression of nerve growth factor(NGF)gene in the rat hippocampus,and explore the molecular toxicological mechanism of the learning and damage induced by lead exposure. Methods Using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and in situ hybridization,NGF mRNA levels in the hippocampus of normal and lead exposure rats were investigated. Results NGF mRNA presented in the normal hippocampus of rats.NGF mRNA levels in the hippocampus were significantly decreased by lead exposure.There was a negative correlativity between the expression of nerve growth factor mRNA in the hippocampus and the time of lead exposure.Conclusion Lead can downregulate the expression of nerve growth factor gene in the rat hippocampus.

Objective To study the effects of Nerve Regeneration Factor on the neurite growth and Neurofilament-H expression of rat dorsal root ganglions in vitro. Methods DRG was cultured and treated with NRF,observation made by fluorescent immunocytochemistry and the mRNA and protein level of NF-H of DRG neurons was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot. Results NRF can promote the neurite growth of DRGs in vitro.The mRNA and protein levels of NF-H of DRG neurons can be up-regulated by NRF in a dose-dependent manner,with the best concentration of 2.0?(mg/L.) Conclusion\ NRF can promote the neurite growth of DRGs in vitro.NRF exerts a neurotrophic action on developmental sensory neurons.

Objective: To explore cognitive dysfunction in patients wi th schizophrenia Methods: 21 first onset patients with schizophr e niform disorder and 26 patients with chronic schizophrenia were studied with Wis consin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Semantic Fluency Test, Association Learning, Co mprehension, Similarity and Digit Span Test 22 normal controls also received t h ese tests Results: Both patients' groups did worse on above te st s than normal control The first onset patients were impaired cognitively as th e chronic schizophrenics in all tests except for Association Learning No correl a tion was found between result of WCST and other neuropsychological tests Conclusion: Schizophrenic patients are cognitively impaired early in t he course of psychosis

AIM　To Detect the varying of gene expression in cultured dorsal root ganglion cells treated by Nerve Regeneration Factor and explore its molecular mechanism promoting to nerve growth. METHODS　By RT-PCR, the change of gene expression in GAP-43 and NF-L on the cultured DRG cells with Nerve Regeneration Factor were studied during 4 h, 12 h, 24 h. RESULTS　The expression of GAP-43 and NF-L were increased by Nerve Regeneration Factor on DRG′s culture. CONCLUSION　This study indicated Nerve Regeneration Factor may up-regulate the gene expression associated nerve growth on cultured nervous cells.

Animals ; Heart ; growth & development ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; Nerve Growth Factors ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley