Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a portion of the cytochrome oxidase 1 (446 nucleotide and 148 amino acid) of mitochondrial genome of adult worm of small liver fluke from human in Hiep Hoa district, Bac Giang (CsNgBG) province was amplified. The nucleotide and amino acid of these sequences were comparatively analyzed with the known Clonorchis sinensis. The analysis revealed that the Bac Giang Clonorchis sp (in human) was similar (100% nucleotide and amino acid) to the Nam Dinh Clonorchis sinensis (identification was done); 99.6% (nucleotide) and 100% (amino acid) homology to the C.sinensis of Chinese strain (CsCN-Gen Bank AF 184619) and Korean strain (CsKor-Gen Bank AF 181889). Thus, the Bac Giang Clonorchis sp is identified as Clonorchis sinensis in Opisthorchidae family, Clonorchis genus. Phylogenetic analysis uniquely placed the Bac Giang Clonorchis sinensis to the group of Chinese and Korean Clonorchis sinensis.
Helminths ; Fasciola hepatica ; Adult

Study on a patient with ages of 51 admitted the nervous surgical department has shown that patient suffered vertigo, nausea, vomiting and poor consciousness, without clinical located nervous damage; images of CT scanner: dilation of third ventricle of cerebrum, right ventricle of cerebrum dilated larger than the left ventricle of cerebrum; the middle line was proponed into the left; The conscious progress was worsened rapidly; apnea; ineffective drainage and use of respirator. The patient was dead. Conclusion : Magnetic resonance image is the most effective method in diagnostics for patient with fluke infection in the ventricle of cerebrum.
Fasciola hepatica ; Cerebral Ventricles

An examination of 210 children stool samples showed that the rate of parasite infection was 33.8%. Among them ascarisdiasis 29.52% ankylostomiasis 4.67% and trichuriasis 1.43%. The rate of multiinfection was 5.63%. There was a significant difference of the infestation rate between Kinh and Raglai ethnic children
Fasciola hepatica ; Cerebral Ventricles

Sixty five patients infected with liver fluke (Clonorchiasis or Opisthorchiasis) were treated with praziquantel and investigated for laboratory manifestation in the Hospital 103, Lao PDR. Eosinophil was found to increase significantly. Total bilirubin is higher than normal value in majority of the patients. Liver fluke was identified as Opisthorchis viverrini. There was no relation between the intensity of infection and egg counts of Opisthorchis viverrini
Fasciola hepatica ; Therapeutics ; Diagnosis ; Praziquantel

Fascioliasis has not been confirmed as a human disease entity until now in Korea despite of sporadic discovery of ova of Fasciola sp. in human fecal materials being never traced to the confirmation of infection. Almost all of the cases with ova in their stool have been related with consumption of cattle liver whether eaten in raw or processed. The present authors confirmed a human fascioliasis case who was a Korean housewife of 42-year-old living in Seoul, during the exploratory laparotomy. The patient had been healthy until October 1975 when abrupt onset of urticaria, dyspepsia, epigastric discomfort developed. And the fluctuation of these symptoms was followed by epigastric colicky pain attacks from December 4, 1975. A complete worm of Fasciola sp. was removed during the bile-duct exploration with stone forceps in lower half of common bile duct, on January 20, 1976. The patient only agreed that she had eaten some raw liver of cattle on September 1975 but denied any possible sources of infection such as drinking of untreated water, handling of water flower and grass, and eating of raw watercress. The measurements of the removed worm: 35. 61 mm in body length, 14.00 mm in maximum body width(Length/width ratio, 2.54:1), distribution of testes to body length 33.9 per cent , number of branches of ovary 22, the size of intrauterine ova 157.2 x 108. 4 micrometer in average. These findings are not compatible with the classical descriptions of both Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, and it was concluded it is so-called Fasciola sp. which is intermediate between two species as proposed by many Japanese workers.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Fasciola hepatica ; Fasciola gigantica ; Fasciola sp. ; case report ; fascioliasis ; laparotomy ; bile-duct

The distribution and properties of branched chain amino acid aminotransferase(EC 2.6.1.42) was investigated in adult Fasciola hepatica. Fasciola hepatica was fractionated by differential centrifugation into nuclear, mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions. The activity of branched chain amino acid aminotransferase was measured by the method of Ichihara and Koyama (1966) . Isozyme patterns of this enzyme was also examined by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The results obtained were as follows: The activity in homogenate was found to be 12.69 units/g wet tissue. The activity of this enzyme was relatively high compared with those in rat tissues. The distribution of branched chain amino acid aminotransferase in the subcellular organelles showed that 87.8 percent of the activity was in cytosolic, 10.9 percent in mitochondrial and 1.3 percent was in nuclear fraction. Cytosolic fraction of Fasciola hepatica contained Enzyme I, but not Enzyme II and III, of branched chain amino acid aminotransferase. Enzyme I was eluted by 50 mM phosphate buffer from DEAE-cellulose column and catalyzed the transamination of all three branched chain amino acids. The Enzyme I was purified about 22-folds increase in specific activity after chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The best substrate among three amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) was L-isoleucine. The optimal temperature of Enzyme I was 45 C and the optimal pH was 8.2. The Km value for leucine of Enzyme I was 4.17 mM. The Km values for alpha-ketoglutarate and pyridoxal phosphate of Enzyme I were 0.41 mM and 4.76 x 10(-3) mM, respectively.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Fasciola hepatica ; biochemistry ; enzyme ; aminotransferase

The aim of this study is to delineate ‘admixed hybrid’ and ‘introgressive’ Fasciola genotypes present in the Fasciola population in Vietnam. Adult liver flukes collected from ruminants in 18 Provinces were morphologically sorted out by naked eyes for small (S), medium (M) and large (L) body shapes; and human samples (n=14) from patients. Nuclear ribosomal (rDNA) ITS1 and ITS2, and mitochondrial (mtDNA) nad1 markers were used for determination of their genetic status. Total 4,725 worm samples of ruminants were tentatively classified by their size: 6% (n=284) small (S)-, 13% (n=614) medium (M)-, and 81% (n=3,827) large (L)-forms. All the representative (n=120, as 40 each group) and 14 human specimens, possessed maternal mtDNA of only F. gigantica and none of F. hepatica. Paternally, all (100%) of the L-(n=40) and 77.5% (n=31) of the M-flukes had single F. gigantica rDNA indicating ‘pure’ F. gigantica. A majority (90%, n=36) of the S- and 15% (n=6) of the M-worms had single F. hepatica rDNA, indicating their introgressive; the rest (10%, n=4) of the S- and 7.5% (n=3) of the M-flukes had mixture of both F. gigantica and F. hepatica rDNAs, confirming their admixed hybrid genetic status. Fourteen human samples revealed 9 (64%) of pure F. gigantica, 3 (22%) of introgressive and 2 (14%) of admixed hybrid Fasciola spp. By the present study, it was confirmed that the small worms, which are morphologically identical with F. hepatica, are admixed and/or introgressive hybrids of Fasciola spp., and able to be the pathogens of human fascioliasis.
Adult ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Fasciola hepatica ; Fasciola ; Fascioliasis ; Genotype ; Humans ; Liver ; Ranunculaceae ; Ruminants ; Vietnam

Autoradiographic study was performed in order to know the distribution of exogenous radioactive substance, (3)H-6-Thymidine, by liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. The worms were maintained in vitro for 1 hour, at 37 degrees C, in Tyrode solution containing (3)H-6-Thymidine. After the incubation, the worms were sectioned and autoradiographed by applying the techniques of microautoradiography. The black grains derived from labeled substance were highly accumulated in the vitelline duct and vitelline glands. Moderate amount of blackening showed in the subcuticular muscle fibers, testes, ovary, cirrus sac, oral sucker and pharynx. Slightly labeled particles were in the reticular tissue, ventral sucker, intestinal epithelium, prostate, uterus and ova. There can hardly be found the black grains in the cuticle.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda-Fasciola hepatica ; biochemistry ; autoradiography ; (3)H-6-Thymidine

In attempt to investigate histone fractions and non-histones of parasites, nuclei were isolated from Fasciola hepatica by the procedure of Pogo et al. (1966). Histone fractions H1, H2a, H2b, H3 and H4 were prepared from isolated nuclei by the procedure of Johns (1964 and l967). The five histone fractions found in most tissues were also present in the Fasciola hepatica histones. These histone fractions were characterized by amino acid analysis and by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Non-histone proteins were extracted from isolated Fasciola hepatica nuclei and separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results of the experiment were summarized as follows: The yield of whole histone recovered was 2.47 mg per 1 g of Fasciola hepatica. The yield of DNA was 1.02 mg per gm of tissues. Consequently the DNA to histone ratio was 1:2.44. The relative amounts of five fractions, i.e., Hl, H2a, H2b, H3 and H4 were 19.96 percent, 26.48 percent, 29.60 percent, 12.56 percent and 14.37 percent, respectively. Amino acid analysis of the individual histone fractions showed that the over-all compositions were similar but not identical to those of corresponding fraction from calf thymus. It was found that histone H2b fraction of Fasciola hepatica contained detectable amounts of epsilon-N-monomethyllysine. No evidence for the presence of methylated lysine or other side-chain derivatives was reported on this histone fraction. In SDS-polyacrylamide disc gel, it showed that 17 protein bands of nuclear acidic protein can be identified visually.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Fasciola hepatica ; histone ; DNA ; biochemistry ; amino acid ; epsilon-N-monomethyllysine

The glucose uptake rate by Fasciola hepatica was a mean value of 9.62 +/- 0.54 micro-mole/hr/g, and total CO(2) production rate by the flukes averaged 24.28 +/- 4.26 micro-mole/hr/g wet wt. The relative specific activity of respiratory CO(2) showed a mean value of 79.89 +/- 1.78 per cent. The rate of CO(2) production derived from medium C(14)-glucose was a mean of 19.55 +/- 3.56 micro-mole/hr/g of we wt. Therefore, the average value of 32.72 +/- 4.8 percent of glucose utilized by the flukes from the medium C(14)-glucose was oxidized to respiratory CO(2). The tissue concentration of glycogen in F. hepatica was a mean of 38.36 +/- 2.91 mg/g or 3.84 +/- 0.29 %/g of wet wt, and the turnover rate of glycogen pool was a mean of 1.6+/-0.22 %/hr or 0.65 +/- 0.13 mg/hr/g. The average value of 37.26 +/- 3.86 per cent of glucose utilized by the fluke from the medium C(4)-glucose was incorporated to the glycogen. These data account for that approximately 70 per cent of the utilized glucose by the flukes participated in furnishing the oxidation into respiratory CO(2) and the synthetic process into glycogen.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda-Fasciola hepatica ; glucose ; biochemistry ; autoradiograhy ; glycogen ; CO(2)