Objective　This paper presents formula for determining the sample size required in case-control study to estimate vaccine efficacy VE with adjusting the precision of confidence interval.Methods　Formula to calculate sample size is derived from the principle of relative width of the confidence interval.Results　Prespecified relative width may regulate and control the precision of confidence interval and may reflects magnitude of the sample size.Conclusion　Sample size calculated by formula will assure that the investigator understand accurately the degree of point estimates of VE close to the true value of VE in the population.

Objective:Analyzing on T cell subsets of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome.Methods:Indexed thesis for T cell subsets of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome.Big sample data was synthesized in these thesis.The data were analyzed with RevMan4.2 analysis software.Results:SARS patients in initial stages and progressive stages(14 d) when they were compared with patients in initial stages and progressive stages patients(

0.05. Fixed effect model analysis showed that the summary RR was 1.43 (95%CI, 1.36 to 1.90), indicating a higher risk of future coronary heart disease in individuals with periodontal disease compared with those without. Conclusion This result suggests that periodontal disease is significantly related with coronary heart disease, they may be a risk indicator for each other. However, we should strengthen the prevention and cure of PD and control the probability of CHD.

Objective To explore the clinical significance of combined detection of carbohydrate antigen(CA)125,CA153,carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA) and tumor specific growth factor(TSGF) in diagnosis for breast cancer.Methods A total of 125 patients with breast cancer were recruited as objects in this study from march 2015 to march 2016,65 patients in breast cancer group,60 patients in benign breast disease group,meanwhile 55 healthy person were enrolled in the control group.Serum tumor markers such as CA125,CA153,CEA and TSGF were detected and compared in the three groups.Results The serum CA125,CA153,CEA and TSGF levels in the breast cancer group were significant higher than those of benign breast disease group and healthy group,the differences were statistical significant(P<0.05).At the same time,the sensitivity and specificity of joint detection of four kinds of serum tumor marker were 90.2% and 88.9%,which were higher than those of single serum tumor marker detection(χ2=26.12,P<0.05).Conclusion The four kinds of serum tumor markers combined testing not only increases the sensitivity of breast cancer diagnosis,but also improved the specificity of diagnosis of breast cancer.

Objective To investigate the value of Q-analysis real-time elasticity in differentiating between benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Methods Eighty-six thyroid nodules in 62 patients with pathologic diagnosis were included in this study and were examined using Q-analysis real-time elasticity. The real-time elasticity features were observed and the quantitative index including the whole elasticity rate and the local elasticity rate were compared between benign and malignant nodules. Results There were 51 benign and 35 malignant nodules according to histopathological examination. The Q-analysis curve of real-time elasticity of benign nodules was smoother and with lower peak, compared with that of malignant nodules. The whole elasticity rate of malignant nodules were significantly higher than that of benign nodules (3.59±0.84 vs 2.32±0.56, P=0.000). And the local elasticity rate of malignant nodules were significantly higher than that of benign nodules (3.96±1.32 vs 2.39±0.58, P=0.000). The cutoff point of whole elasticity rate for the differential diagnosis was 3.25 with sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy as 71.4%, 96.1% and 86.0% respectively. The cutoff point of local elasticity rate for the differential diagnosis was 3.45 with sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy as 68.6%, 96.1% and 84.9% respectively. The diagnostic efficiency of whole elasticity rate and local elasticity rate had no significant difference (P=0.591).Conclusions Q-analysis real-time elasticity could provide the real-time elasticity features of thyroid nodules. The whole and local elasticity rate as the quantitative index contributed to the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules.

Objective:To investigate the regulatory effect of non-specific immunity induced by Trichinella spiralis (Ts) on the immune response of small intestinal tissue of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (Pb)ANKA. Methods:Thirty-six specific pathogen free female Kunming mice (6-8 weeks old, weighting 18-22 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups according to body weight by the random number table method, including control group, Ts-mono-infected group (Ts group), PbANKA-mono-infected group (Pb group), and Ts + Pb-co-infected group (Ts + Pb group), 9 mice in each group. The mice were fed normal food, water and normal feed. The control group was not given any experimental treatment; the Ts group was infected with 20 Ts larvae orally on the first day of the experiment; the Pb group was infected with 1 × 10 6 PbANKA erythrocytes by intraperitoneal injection on the 9th day of the experiment; the Ts + Pb group was infected with 20 Ts larvae orally on the first day of the experiment, and 1 × 10 6 PbANKA erythrocytes were given by intraperitoneal injection on the 9th day. Mice were sacrificed on 22th day after Ts infection and/or 13th day after PbANKA infection, the morphological changes of peritoneal macrophages in each group were observed by transmission electron microscope; the mRNA expression levels of M1-type macrophage markers [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)], M2-type macrophage markers [mannose receptor C type 2 (Mrc-2) and chitinase-like 3 (Ym1)] in the small intestinal tissue of mice in each group were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and the ratios of mRNA expression levels of M2/M1 macrophage markers were compared. Results:Transmission electron microscope showed that the morphology and structure of peritoneal macrophages in the control were normal; more pseudopodia were observed in the peritoneal macrophages in Ts group; and more pseudopodia and engulfed Plasmodium parasites were observed in the peritoneal macrophages in Pb group and Ts + Pb group. The iNOS (1.000 ± 0.290, 1.277 ± 0.251, 3.088 ± 1.110, 2.604 ± 0.773) and IL-6 mRNA expression levels (1.000 ± 0.393, 2.180 ± 0.629, 1.650 ± 0.612, 3.242 ± 1.780) of small intestinal tissue were compared among the 4 groups, the differences were statistically significant ( F=12.420, 5.270, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the iNOS mRNA expression levels in the Pb and Ts + Pb groups were significantly increased ( P < 0.05); compared with the Ts group, the iNOS mRNA expression level in the Ts + Pb group was significantly increased ( P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the IL-6 mRNA expression level in the Ts + Pb group was significantly increased ( P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of Mrc-2 and Ym1 of small intestinal tissue in the 4 groups were significantly different ( F=9.890, 20.500, P < 0.05). The Mrc-2 mRNA expression level in the Ts + Pb group was significantly higher than those in the control, Ts, and Pb groups ( P < 0.05). The Ym1 mRNA expression level in the Pb group was significantly higher than that in the control group ( P < 0.05); the Ym1 mRNA expression level in the Ts + Pb group was significantly higher than those in the control, Ts, and Pb groups ( P < 0.05). The Mrc-2/iNOS, Ym1/iNOS of small intestinal tissue in the 4 groups were significantly different ( F=3.642, 22.360, P < 0.05). The Mrc-2/iNOS in the Ts + Pb group was significantly higher than those in the control and Pb groups ( P < 0.05). The Ym1/iNOS in the Ts + Pb group was higher than those in the control, Ts, and Pb groups ( P < 0.05). Conclusion:The non-specific immunity induced by Ts infection is involved in the regulation of intestinal immune response of mice infected with PbANKA, which may promote M2 polarization of macrophages in the small intestinal tissue.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mortality and years of life lost of pancreatic cancer in Baoshan District of Shanghai，from 2009 to 2021， and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of pancreatic cancer in the future. MethodsThe death surveillance data of Baoshan District from 2009 to 2021 were collected from the Shanghai chronic disease surveillance information management system. Crude mortality， standardized mortality，potential years of life lost （PYLL）， potential years of life lost rate （PYLLR） ， average years of potential life lost （AYLL） ， annual percentage change （APC） were calculated to analyze the trend of mortality and life loss of pancreatic cancer. ResultsFrom 2009 to 2021， a total of 2117 deaths of pancreatic cancer were reported in Baoshan District， accounting for 7.05% of all cancer deaths. The average age of the death cases was （71.18±10.97）years. The youngest was 3 years old and the oldest was 96 years old. The death component ratio of pancreatic cancer increased with time （P<0.05）， and the average death age of women was higher than that of men （P<0.05）. The crude mortality of pancreatic cancer was 17.38/10⁵ in Baoshan District from 2009 to 2021， showing a rising tendency （P<0.05） with APC of 3.74%. The standardized mortality of pancreatic cancer was 7.84/10⁵. The crude mortality of pancreatic cancer was 19.71/10⁵ in men and 14.89/10⁵ in women， both showed a tendency towards a rise （P<0.05 ） with APC of 4.44% and 2. 89%， respectively. The crude mortality of pancreatic cancer showed a tendency towards a decline in residents at ages of 45 to 60 years （ P<0.05 ）， with APC of 4.74%. The PYLL and PYLLR of pancreatic cancer were 8 115 person-years and 0.67‰ in Baoshan District from 2009 to 2021， while the AYLL of pancreatic cancer was 3.83 years per person. The PYLL was higher in men than in women. ConclusionThe mortality rate of pancreatic cancer in Baoshan District shows an increasing trend. The healthy life of elderly and men is affected largely by pancreatic cancer. It is necessary to strengthen the health education on the prevention/control of pancreatic cancer and healthy life style， thereby improving the tertiary prevention system of pancreatic cancer.