This manual details how to write a case report that uses the biopsychosocial approach in understanding and analyzing a patient’s disease in the context of the family in crisis. It begins by describing the illness characteristics of the index patient - the onset, course, prognosis, and family illness trajectory. The family structure and dynamics are then identified using various family assessment tools such as genogram, APGAR, SCREEM-RES, lifeline, family map, etc. Lastly, the physician formulates a family diagnosis: the presence of alliances and coalitions, the family’s strengths and coping mechanisms, how they adapt to the changes brought by the illness, etc. These data help the physician effectively engage the family as a source of support for the management of illness.

Background: The Filipino family has always been described to have solid household, innate close family ties and high regard to interpersonal relationships. However, there has been paucity of local studies regarding Filipino families and how specifically do Filipinos see, define and perceive a family unit in general. Objective: To explore Filipino family’s concepts and ideas of what qualities represent and define a well family. Method: The study was qualitative in design with mixed data collection methods: 18 interviews, 10 Focus Group Discussions, and a literature review. Results: Caring parents, unconditional love, able to maintain a good relationship between family members, constant presence for loved ones and capacity to forgive were reflected as important characteristics of a well Filipino family. Love and respect are considered to be the foundations and faith in God as an important component of a family. However, the wellness of the family begins with husband-wife relationship and that a strong and happy marital relationship will provide mutual support, encouragement and understanding. Likewise, financial capability combined with a commitment to provide for the family’s future was a quality believed to bind the family together. Physical well-being and the absence of diseases were also part of family wellness. Conclusion The nine qualities of a well Filipino family include loving, affectionate, responsible family members; spiritually healthy; has the capacity to provide; having strong husband-wife relationship; effective parents; has a system of open communication within the family; united with flexible family structure; spends time together; and physically healthy with good community life.
Family ; Parents ; Marriage ; Love ; Respect ; Family Structure

OBJECTIVES: To study the influence of family structure on depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and its mechanism. METHODS: The cluster sampling method was used to select the students from seven middle schools in Shanghai, China. An online questionnaire survey was conducted using a self-made general status questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Children's Depression Inventory, and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders. The methods including one-way analysis of variance, chi-square test, binary logistic regression analysis, and mediating effect analysis were used to evaluate depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and the difference in childhood trauma and its mediating effect. RESULTS: Compared with the adolescents from nuclear families, the adolescents from three-generation lineal families had a lower risk of depression symptoms (OR=0.794, 95%CI: 0.649-0.972, P<0.05), while those from host families had a higher risk of depression symptoms (OR=4.548, 95%CI: 1.113-18.580, P<0.05). The adolescents from inter-generational families and host families had a significantly higher score on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire subscale of emotional neglect (P<0.05). Emotional neglect played a mediating role in the influence of inter-generational families and host families on depression symptoms in adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Parents and grandparents have a certain positive effect in family structures. Separation from parents may make adolescents perceive more emotional neglect, which may increase the occurrence of depression symptoms.
Child ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Depression/epidemiology* ; Family Structure ; Child Abuse/psychology* ; China ; Anxiety/epidemiology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Novel macrolides epothilones, produced by cellulolytic myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, have the activity to promote microtubule assembly, and are considered to be a potential successor to the famous antitumor drug taxol. The biosynthetic genes leading to the epothilones are clustered into a large operon. The multi-enzyme complex is a hetero-gene cluster of polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and contains several functional modules, i.e. a loading module, one NRPS module, eight PKS modules, and a P450 epoxidase. The former ten modules biosynthesize desoxyepothilone (epothilones C and D), which is then epoxidized at C12 and C13 and converted into epothilones (epothilones A and B) by the P450 epoxidase. The NRPS module is responsible for the formation of the thiazole side chain from cysteine. The biosynthesis procedure of epothilones can be divided into 5 stages, i.e. formation of holo-ACP/PCP, chain initiation and thiazole ring formation, chain elongation, termination and epoxidation, and post-modification. The analysis of the gene cluster and the biosynthetic pathway reveals that novel epothilone analogs could not only be produced by chemical synthesis/modification, tranditional microbial technologies, but also can be genetically manipulated through combinatiorial biosynthesis approaches.
Bacterial Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Epothilones ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Molecular Structure ; Multigene Family ; genetics ; physiology ; Myxococcales ; enzymology ; genetics ; metabolism ; Peptide Synthases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Polyketide Synthases ; genetics ; metabolism

The NAC family is an important transcription factor which regulate plant growth and development， signal transduction， and stress response.In this study， the protein identification， subfamily classification， the determination of physical and chemical properties， protein structure， and expression pattern of NAC family were performed using bioinformatic methods based on the RNA-seq data of ginger. The results showed that a total of 72 NAC transcription factors were identified in 271.1 Mb total nucleotides， and they could be clustered into 13 subfamilies according to the phylogenetic tree.The physical and chemical properties， structure analysis revealed that the amino acid number and isoelectric point were different among 13 NAC subfamilies; the secondary structure of NACs transcription factors mainly consist of random coil， and the tertiary structure is similar.In addition，the expression patterns of genes under different soil moisture and Ralstonia solanacearum infection showed that 23 NACs were differentially expressed， which were mainly distributed in Ⅷ，Ⅶ， and ⅩⅤ subfamilies related to plant senescence， hormone metabolism and cell wall metabolism.The results provide some valuable information for the research and development of NAC transcription factors in ginger.
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Ginger ; genetics ; Multigene Family ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Plant ; genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Transcription Factors ; genetics

The organic anion transporters (OATs) are expressed in various tissues, primarily in the kidney and liver, but they are also expressed in the placenta, small intestine, and the choroid plexus, which are all epithelial tissues that transport xenobiotics. Six isoforms of OATs are currently known. Considering the variety of organic anionic compounds, other OATs isoforms can be assumed. In this connection, we have searched for a new isoform in the expressed sequence tag (EST) database. We found the new candidate clone AK052752 in the mouse kidney cDNA library and we named it mouse organic anion transporter like protein 1 (mOATLP1). The mOATLP1 cDNA consisted of 2221 base pairs that encoded a 552 amino acid residue protein with 12 putative transmembrane domains. The deduced amino acid sequence of mOATLP1 showed 37 to 63% identity to other members of the OAT family. According to the tissue distribution based on Northern blot analysis, 2.7 kb and 2.9 kb mOATLP1 transcripts (approximate sizes) were observed in the kidney and liver. An 85-kDa band (approximate) was detected using Western blot analysis of mouse kidney performed with a synthesized oligopeptide-induced mOATLP1 antibody. Immunohistochemical results showed mOATLP1 was stained in the blood vessels, glomeruli (the parietal epithelial cells and podocytes), distal convoluted tubules, connecting tubules, and inner medullary collecting tubules. mOATLP1 appears to be a novel candidate for an organic anion transporter isoform identified in the kidney.
Tissue Distribution ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Rabbits ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Isoforms/isolation & purification ; Phylogeny ; Organic Anion Transporters/*isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Oligopeptides/immunology ; Multigene Family ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mice ; Kidney/*metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cloning, Molecular ; Blotting, Western ; Animals ; Amino Acid Sequence

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HOPP) is a rare disease characterized by reversible attacks of muscle weakness accompanied by episodic hypokalemia. Recent molecular work has revealed that the majority of familial HOPP is due to mutations in a skeletal muscle voltage-dependent calcium-channel: the dihydropyridine receptor. We report a 13-yr old boy with HOPP from a family in which 6 members are affected in three generations. Genetic examination identified a nucleotide 3705 C to G mutation in exon 30 of the calcium channel gene, CACNA1S. This mutation predicts a codon change from arginine to glycine at the amino acid position #1239 (R1239G). Among the three known mutations of the CACNA1S gene, the R1239G mutation was rarely reported. This boy and the other family members who did not respond to acetazolamide, showed a marked improvement of the paralytic symptoms after spironolactone treatment.
Acetazolamide/pharmacology ; Adolescent ; Arginine/chemistry ; Calcium Channels/chemistry/*genetics ; Codon ; Exons ; Family Health ; Female ; Glycine/chemistry ; Humans ; Hypokalemia/metabolism ; Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis/*diagnosis/*genetics ; Korea ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Mutation ; Pedigree ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spironolactone/pharmacology

Three new phenazine-type compounds, named phenazines SA-SC (1-3), together with four new natural products (4-7), were isolated from the fermentation broth of an earwig-associated Streptomyces sp. NA04227. The structures of these compounds were determined by extensive analyses of NMR, high resolution mass spectroscopic data, as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurement. Sequencing and analysis of the genome data allowed us to identify the gene cluster (spz) and propose a biosynthetic pathway for these phenazine-type compounds. Additionally, compounds 1-5 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and compound 3 showed antimicrobial activities against Micrococcus luteus.
Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; chemistry ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Insecta ; microbiology ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Micrococcus luteus ; drug effects ; Molecular Structure ; Multigene Family ; Phenazines ; chemistry ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Streptomyces ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an ATP-dependent multidrug efflux pump that acts as a major obstacle for oral drug delivery and cancer therapy. Recent reports have provided evidence that excipients often used in pharmaceutical formulations, such as Pluronic and TPGS, also have inhibitory effects on P-glycoprotein. Because inhibition of efflux transporters by polymeric inhibitors may dramatically increase the bioavailability of P-gp substrates with negligible side effects, identification of the mechanism and their structure activity relationship is therefore of significant importance for pharmaceutical development. Other than competitive inhibition for traditional inhibitors, polymeric inhibitors may modify P-gp function through alterations on membrane fluidity, inhibition of P-gp ATPase, depletion of intracellular ATP and down-regulating of P-gp expression. In the present review, the inhibition mechanism of potential polymeric inhibitors and their structure activity relationship will be discussed along with a brief introduction to the established methodologies.
ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 ; antagonists & inhibitors ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphatases ; metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate ; metabolism ; Animals ; Biological Availability ; Excipients ; pharmacology ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Membrane Fluidity ; drug effects ; Polymers ; pharmacology ; Structure-Activity Relationship

Twenty-seven ERF transcription factor family genes were isolated from Arnebia euchroma, with an average size of 1,010 bp, each gene encoded a 212 amino acids on average. The gene structure and expression of physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, signal peptides, senior structural domains and conservative forecasting, and analysis of A. euchroma were studied comparing with ERF gene gi261363612 of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, and phylogenetic analysis of A. euchroma ERF family was carried out. The results showed the existence of three conserved domains in this family, the senior structure based on random coil and it clustered into CBF/DREB and ERF subfamilies.
Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Boraginaceae ; genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Computational Biology ; Genome, Plant ; genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multigene Family ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; Plants, Medicinal ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription Factors ; chemistry ; genetics ; Transcriptome