Objective:To study the action mechanism of Rukang oral liquid in rats with hyperplasia of mammary glands. Meth-ods:The rats were randomly divided into six groups:the normal group, the model group, tamoxifen group, low, medium and high dose of Rukang oral liquid groups. The model of hyperplasia of mammary glands was induced by estradiol benzoate injection and progester-one injection. After the administration, ELISA was used to detect the serum concentrations of ER, PR, P53 and Oct4, Western blot was used to detect the expression of ER, PR, P53 and Oct4 in breast tissue, a fluorescence quantitative PCR method was used to de-tect the expression of GnRH, GnRHR, and the expression of telomerase in breast tissue was detected by in situ hybridization. Results:Rukang oral liquid could reduce the expression of ER and PR in serum and breast tissue(P<0. 01), reduce the expression of P53, te-lomerase and Oct4(P<0. 01), and decrease the expression of GnRH in hypothalamus and pituitary, which could reverse the hyperpla-sia of mammary glands and played the role effectively(P<0. 01). Conclusion: Rukang oral Liquid can reduce the expression of ER and PR in serum and breast tissue, and decrease the expression of GnRH in hypothalamus and pituitary to play the role in the treatment of hyperplasia of mammary glands. Rukang oral Liquid may prevent breast hyperplasia from developing into breast cancer through re-ducing the expression of three related markers P53, telomerase and Oct4.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of caffeine citrate on white matter damage in 2-day-old neonatal rats induced by postnatal infection.Methods Forty-eight 2-day-old SD rats were randomly divided into the control group (group A,n =16),lipopolysaccharide(LPS) infection group (group B,n =16),and caffeine citrate intervention group (group C,n =16) according to the random table method.The newborn rats of group B and C were continuously injected LPS 0.6 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 5 days from 2 days old,and the newborn rats of group A were continuously injected by an equal volume of 9 g/L saline intraperitoneally.Group C was continuously injected by caffeine citrate 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 7 days from 4 days old;equal volume of 9 g/L saline was injected into group A and B for 7 days continuously.At 12 days old,8 rats of each group were sacrificed randomly to evaluate the expression of myelin basic protein(MBP) subcortical white matter by immunohistochemical method.Both sides of hippocampus of the rest 8 rats of each group were taken out in ice surface rapidly.The left hippocampus was used to detect the expression of MBP and Caspase-3 by Western blot method,and the right hippocampus was used to evaluate the MBP and Caspase-3 protein level by quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR) method.Results The mean integral optical density (IOD) of subcortical MBP positive expression in group A,group B and group C were 132.64 ± 1.94,102.43 ± 2.12,114.25 ± 2.04,and the difference was statistically significant among 3 groups (F =22.912,P ＜ 0.05).The relative expression levels of MBP mRNA of 3 groups in hippocampus were 0.79 ± 0.01,0.39 ± 0.03,0.55 ± 0.02,and the difference was statistically significant among 3 groups (F =18.584,P ＜ 0.05).The relative expression levels of MBP protein of 3 groups in hippocampus were 0.64 ± 0.03,0.31 ± 0.03,0.51 ± 0.05,and the difference was statistically significant among 3 groups (F =25.780,P ＜ 0.05).The relative expression levels of Caspase-3 mRNA of 3 groups in hippocampus were 0.34 ± 0.02,0.74 ± 0.03,0.57 ± 0.04,and the difference was statistically significant among 3 groups (F =6.105,P ＜ 0.05).The relative expression of Caspase-3 protein of 3 groups in hippocampus were 0.11 ± 0.03,0.36 ± 0.02,0.23 ± 0.03,and the difference was statistically significant among 3 groups (F =40.541,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Caffeine citrate has showed protective effect on white matter damage in neonatal rats of 2 days old induced by postnatal infection.The mechanism may be related to inhibition of inflammatory response and reducing apoptosis.

OBJECTIVE To observe the curative effect of external dacryocystorhinostomy(EDCR) and intranasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy(IEDCR)for chronic dacryocystitis, and to evaluatethe postoperative satisfaction of the patients.METHODS According to randomized controlled design, 108 chronic dacryocystitis patients were divided into the intranasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy group and control group, both groups underwent intranasal dacryocystorhinostomy and external dacryocystorhinostomy respectively.The changes of symptom and clinical sign, operation time, hospital day, cost of hospitalization were recorded.All patients were followed up for 1-5years, and the postoperative satisfaction of the patients were investigated by interval satisfaction scale.RESULTS ①There were no significant difference between the groups at the curative effect, operation time and hospital day, the hospitalization cost of the intranasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy group was higher than that of the control group;②The recurrence rate of the intranasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy group and control group were 12.82% and 15.56% respectively after 5 years, Log Rank test ?2=0.394, P=0.530;③ The postoperative satisfaction of the patients in both groups were(81.70?10.242)and(75.72?10.653) score respectively, which were similar to normal distribution, t=-2.974, P=0.004.CONCLUSION The effect of intranasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy for chronic dacryocystitis is similar to external dacryocystorhinostomy.But intranasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is a more ideal method, because it is minimal invasive technique and doesn't affect the face cosmetology.

Objective To calculate and describe the decision limits of 2014 external quality assessment(EQA) programs in D-Dimer of 225 labs.Methods To collectedthe information of decision limits which come from the 2014 External Quality Assessment ( EQA) programs in D-Dimer.All data from maternal and child care service centers , children′s hospitals and corporations were excluded .Then all the abnormal values and errors were eliminated either .Data of 225 labs statistics were processed by Microsoft Excel 2007, which include the mean, median, maximum value, minimum value, P2.5 and P97.5.Weanalyzed the sources of decision limits and then get the data filtered .The reagent manufacturer 's instructions data are reservedas a reference source and data are analyzed according to differentreagents .Results According to the surveys of decision limits sources ,most of thereference sources use the reagent manufacturer′s instructions. According to the surveys,the mean and median of each test project is close .The P2.5 and P97.5 distribution ranges are: D-Dimer(DDU) 0.3 -1.33 μg/ml,D-Dimer(FEU) 0.23 -1.50 μg/ml,with significant differences.According to the surveys , most P2.5 and P97.5 reagent distributions are significantly different . Conclusion The decision limitsof the mean and median of each test item are approximate ,and the P2.5 and P97.5 distributions of each test item are poorly consistent .

Objective:To explore changes of central retinal vascular caliber and fractal dimension (Df) and their cor‐relation with blood pressure in hypertensive population .Methods :A total of 2169 subjects>30 years old were en‐rolled in this cross‐sectional study .They were divided into hypertension group (n=819) and non‐hypertension group (n=1350) .Fundus photos were collected in all subjects ,and semi‐automatic software was used to quantitatively ana‐lyze central retinal vascular caliber and Df ,and they were compared between two groups .Results:Compared with non- hypertension group ,there were significant reductions in central retinal arteriolar equivalent [CRAE ,(135.2 ± 10.72) μm vs .(132.25 ± 11.56) μm] ,central retinal venular equivalent [CRVE ,(184.95 ± 16.29) μm vs . (182.52 ± 17.07)μm] and Df [ (1.38 ± 0.05) vs .(1.34 ± 0.05)] in hypertension group , P<0.01 all .After adjus‐ting for age and gender ,analysis of covariance indicated that CRAE and Df of hypertension group were still signifi‐cantly lower than those of non - hypertension group (P<0.01 both) .Linear correlation analysis indicated that sys‐tolic blood pressure (SBP) ,diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and pulse pressure (PP) were inversely correlated with CRAE and Df ( r= -0.340~ -0.174 , P<0.01 all) .After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors ,multi‐factor linear regression analysis indicated that CRAE and Df were still inversely correlated with SBP ,DBP and PP (stand‐ardizedβ= -0.190~ -0.134 ,P<0.01 all) .Df of hypertension course >5 years group was significantly lower than that of ≤5 years group [ (1.33 ± 0.05) vs .(1.35 ± 0.05)] , P<0.01. Conclusion:CARE ,Df are significantly in‐versely correlated to SBP ,DBP and PP in hypertensive population ,while correlation of Df is most .

Objective To investigate the current situation in application of median levels in second trimester in prenatal screening laboratory throughout China and to understand the methods and importance of quality control.Methods Of those laboratories that participated in the national external quality assessment (EQA) for second trimester maternal serum screening in 2013, 442 submitted the medians for α-fetal protein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), β-hCG, free β-hCG and unconjugated estriol (uE3) and related information.We categorized the medians according to the platform.There were 170, 210, 31, 26, 13, 11 and nine laboratories using the detection systems from Perkin Elmer, Beckman Coulter, Fenghua, Roche, Darui, Siemens and Abbott, respectively.The method of setting up the medians for each laboratory was analyzed.The number of laboratories, which was the outliers, was determined according to the reported medians on the third day of each week from 14th to 20th gestational weeks.Single sample t-test was applied to compare the result of this study with published results from a multi-center study of pregnant women in China.Results Among all laboratories, 19.0％ (84/442) of the recruited laboratories setup the median on their own.And 4.3％ (19/442) did this with their vendors;76.7％ (339/442) used the default median from the software, among them 97.9％ (332/339) did not verify their medians and 84.3％ (280/332) had no idea of how to do.Medians of AFP and uE3 increased with gestational age, while medians of hCG, β-hCG and free β-hCG decreased in all detection systems.More outliers were found for AFP, free β-hCG and uE3 medians in Perkin Elmer system, which scattered in each gestational age.A higher proportion of AFP in Fenghua system, free β-hCG in Darui system and uE3 in Siemens system were reported [9.5％ (20/210), 13.2％ (12/91) and 23.4％ (18/77), respectively].The medians of AFP and β-hCG using Perkin Elmer platform were compared between this study and the previous multi-center study in Chinese women.The results did not show significant difference in AFP median at 14th and 18th week of gestation (both P ＞ 0.05), while higher medians in AFP at 15th, 16th, 17th, 19th and 20th week of gestation (t=-7.257,-3.204,-5.479,-3.253 and-20.089, respectively, all P ＜ 0.05) and higher β-hCG median at 14th to 20th week of gestation (t=-80.749,-199.779,-142.601, -90.732,-72.984,-47.935 and-39.409, respectively, all P ＜ 0.01) were found in the previous study.Conclusion Most laboratories in our country never verify their medians for second trimester screening program and the medians vary among different settings.

Objective To analyze the results of external quality assessment (EQA) and internal quality control (IQC) of first trimester maternal serum prenatal screening,and to investigate methods to improve the quality of prenatal screening.Methods Based on the reagent,laboratories which participated in the EQA project by National Center for Clinical Laboratories in May and October in 2013 were divided into PerkinElmer (PE) group (n=44) and Roche group (n=14).Five human serum quality control samples were distributed to each laboratory in every session to test free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A).The M,P75 and P25 of each sample were calculated.The robust coefficient of variation (CV) was defined as [0.7413 × (P75-P25)]/M× 100％.In five samples of each EQA session,if the results of four or more samples were within the M (1± 30％),the laboratory passed the session.If the laboratory passed both sessions,the laboratory passed the EQA project of 2013.The CV of in control quality control and cumulative CV of in control quality control results in May 2013 session were gathered.Results (1) Results of EQA:The robust CVs of all samples of two sessions were 5.0％-7.2％ for free β-hCG in PE group,and 9.5％-188.4％ in Roche group.The robust CVs were 6.4％-116.9％ for PAPP-A in PE group,and 10.5％-165.3％ in Roche group.Fifty five (94.8％,55/58) laboratories passed the EQA project of 2013 for free β-hCG.Forty four (75.8％,44/58) laboratories passed the EQA project of 2013 for PAPP-A.(2) Results of IQC:Twenty eight and twenty six laboratories reported IQC results for free β-hCG and PAPP-A respectively.In eighteen (55.1％,18/28) and fourteen (50.0％,14/28) laboratories,the CV of in control quality control and cumulative CV of in control quality control results for free β-hCG were less than 5％ respectively.In Fifteen (57.7％,15/26) and thirteen (50.0％,13/26) laboratories,the CV of in control quality control and cumulative CV of in control quality control results for PAPP-A were less than 5％ respectively.Conclusions There are differences of the testing quality for first trimester maternal serum prenatal screening in China.EQA and IQC can help laboratories to find problems,improve quality and maintain the testing consistency.

ObjectiveTo describe upper and lower limits and their sources of reference intervals in routine chemistry assays and to make a comparison between routine and dry chemistry in these aspects.MethodsThe data of reference intervals were collected,which come from the third run of 2010 External Quality Assessment (EQA) programs in routine and dry chemistry performed by National Center for Clinical Laboratories(NCCL).All data from maternal and child care service center,children's hospital and corporations were excluded.Then all the abnormal values and errors (for instance,the lower limit was higher than the upper one or the upper limit was as the same as the lower one,etc.) were eliminated,either.Data statistics was performed by SPSS 13.0 referring to upper and lower limits of reference intervals and sources of 24 routine chemistry assays ( including serum potassium and serum sodium,etc).Comparison was made between routine and dry chemistry in these aspects in 23 assays.Data from adult men were reported when gender difference was present.ResultsThe three main sources of reference intervals were National Guide to Clinical LaboratoryProcedures, instructions of reagent manufacturesanddetermined by their own laboratory.In comparison of reference intervals between routine and dry chemistry,6 assays had statistical significant difference in both upper limits and lower ones while,4 assays in one-sided limits and 13 assays were not statistically significant in both limits.Conclusions The reference intervals of routine chemistry have big differences among institutions and the sources of them are various.Only a few assays have statistical significant difference in routine and dry chemistry among medical institutions,it might be discussed in further study whether the statistical results have clinical values.In order to achieve the result agreement among clinical assays,all the laboratories must share the common reference intervals on the basis of standardization.

Objective To know the current application status of reference interval of cystatin C andβ2-microglobulin in medi-cal institutions of China.Methods Every laboratory which attended 2014 specific protein external quality assessment pro-gram of national center of clinical laboratories has been received an internet questionnaire to survey reference intervals of cystatin C andβ2-microglobulin.After eliminating outliers the trimmed data was statistical analyzed by Microsoft Excel 2007 and SPSS 13.0.The resources of RIs,traditional statistical analysis,normalized analysis,comparison between overall median and lower and upper limits of different measurement system,and verification status of RIs were included.Results 106 and 127 medical laboratories submitted the questionnaire and the number of province with submission of RIs for the two renal function measurement items were 24 and 29,respectively.Less than 5 laboratories grouped their RIs according to age and/or gender.Approximately 75% of laboratories had been using the RIs referring to reagent manufacturers’instructions.All me-dians of upper or lower limits of analytes were as same as the Mode values of the same group.The 2.5th percentiles had tre-mendous differences compared with 97.5th percentiles.More than half of laboratories did not verify their RIs beforeusing them.The overall medians of lower and upper limits of RIs were (in serum):Cystatin C (mg/L)0.55 and 1.09;β2-micro-globulin (μg/ml)1.00 and 2.80.Conclusion The RIs of cystatin C and β2-microglobulin used in medical institution had some differences between each other,and there were too many kinds of reagents and instruments which made different meas-urement systems.The consistent and standardized reference intervals should be established in a short time.The RI for cysta-tin C was 0.55~1.09 mg/L,forβ2-microglobulin was 1.00~2.80 μg/ml considered by this study.

Aircrew survival equipment is for pilots' survival when they have to parachute or land in various bad situations. Introduction relating to survival equipment is given including development course, sorts, carrying methods, its role in aviation survival and its development tendency. It is indicated that survival equipment will still play an important role in aviation survival within quite a time and it is also imperative to perfect aircrew survival equipment system from improving its performance, increasing its tactical using background and improving its supply system of ordering goods.