MGMT (O6 -Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase) suppresses tumor development by removing alkyl adduct, while SPOCK2 (SPARC/Osteonectin CWCV and Kazal-like domains proteoglycan) abolishes the inhibition of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMP) which leads to angiogenesis. Hence, MGMT methylation may initiate malignant cells transformation. In contrast, SPOCK2 methylation is hypothesized not to be a common event in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In this study, we examined the methylation status of MGMT and SPOCK2 in DLBCL as in Malaysia the information is extremely lacking. A total of 88 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of patients diagnosed with DLBCL from the year 2006 to 2013 were retrieved from Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan and Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) was used to examine the methylation status of both genes. Interestingly, methylation of MGMT was detected in all the 88 DLBCL samples, whereas SPOCK2 was found to be methylated in 83 of 88 (94.3%) DLBCL cases. Our study showed a remarkably high percentage of promoter methylation of both MGMT and SPOCK2 genes. Our finding also negates initial expectation that SPOCK2 methylation would be an uncommon event in the majority of DLBCL cases. This study has shown a very high percentage of promoter methylation of MGMT and SPOCK2 in the DLBCL cases studied by MSP, using archival lymphoma tissues. Nonetheless, additional research is needed to quantitatively evaluate MGMT and SPOCK2 methylation, and to analyse gene expression and/or protein expression in order to further understand the role of MGMT and SPOCK2 methylation in the pathogenesis of DLBCL.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in female worldwide. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification is observed in approximately 20% of breast cancer cases and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Dual HER2 blockade without chemotherapy represents an attractive therapeutic approach, and it remains unresolved if anti-HER2 therapeutic antibodies are sufficient to replace chemotherapy regimens. In this review, we discuss the approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (pertuzumab and trastuzumab) and antibody-drug conjugate (trastuzumab emtansine or T-DM1) for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer patients. In summary, phase II and III clinical trials have demonstrated that dual HER2 blockade (pertuzumab and trastuzumab) plus chemotherapy regimens confer better efficacy compared with dual HER2 blockade alone, or anti-HER2 antibody monotherapy, in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Dual HER2 blockade (pertuzumab and trastuzumab) combined with chemotherapies (5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide and docetaxel) yield superior response. Moreover, dual HER2 blockade (T-DM1 and pertuzumab) in combination with docetaxel represents a promising treatment regimen containing T-DM1. Ongoing clinical trials are assessing the optimal chemotherapy of choice with anti-HER2 antibodies combinations. In conclusion, improved outcomes are attributable to selection for the optimal chemotherapy regimen in combination with anti-HER2 antibodies instead of replacing chemotherapy altogether with the current line of anti-HER2 therapeutic antibodies.

Introduction: In recent years, "double hit" and "double protein" involving gene rearrangement and protein expression of c-MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 are the most used terms to describe poor prognostic factors in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). This study was to determine the frequency of double or triple protein expression by using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and comparing the result with clinicopathological features and cell of origin (COO) classification. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study by using 29 archived formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of DLBCL. All the samples were evaluated for the subgrouping of COO DLBCL was determined by expression of CD10, BCL6 and MUM1 based on Hans classification. In addition, expressions of c-MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 were detected by IHC. Results: Among the 29 cases, MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 proteins were detected in 72.4%, 62.1% and 62.1% of patients, respectively. Concurrent expression (c-MYC positive/BCL2 positive and/or BCL6 positive) was present in 58.6% of patients. 34.5% were categorised as germinal centre like (GCB) subgroup and 65.5% were categorised as nongerminal centre like (non-GCB) subgroup. Among the clinicopathological features, the double/triple protein expression lymphoma was significantly associated with elevated LDH level (p=0.018), IPI score (p=0.003), Ann Arbor stage (p=0.011) and complete response rate (p=0.011). Conclusion: Double/triple protein lymphoma was strongly associated more adverse clinical risk factors. Thus, analyses of MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 expression by IHC represents a rapid and inexpensive approach to risk-stratify patients with DLBCL at diagnosis.

ABSTRACT Kimura disease (KD) is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology that primarily affects the head and neck region with lymph node involvement. Young to middle-aged adult Asian males are predominantly affected. The most common presentation is painless subcutaneous swelling in the head and neck region, while proptosis or orbital involvement is very rarely reported. KD shares some features with other inflammatory and neoplastic disorders, including lymphoma; thus, investigations to confirm the diagnosis should not be delayed. Systemic corticosteroids are commonly used to treat KD and show an excellent response; however, the optimal treatment is still uncertain, and KD has a high recurrence rate. We describe the case of a patient with KD who presented with proptosis and post-auricular swelling, which responded well to oral prednisolone treatment.
Kimura Disease ; Exophthalmos

We reported a case of recurrent subcutaneous swelling on the left foot of a diabetic patient. Two different organisms, Cladosporium spp. and Phaeoacremonium krajdenii were isolated, both of which are associated with phaeohyphomycosis and eumycetoma. The cure was achieved through surgical excision of the lesion and a course of antifungal therapy. The diagnosis was uncertain since clinical manifestations and laboratory results were insufficient to distinguish the two diseases.