1.The manual MGIT system for the detection of M tuberculosis in respiratory specimens: an experience in the University Malaya Medical Centre
Fadzilah Mohd Nor ; Kee Peng Ng ; Yun Fong Ngeow
The Malaysian Journal of Pathology 2009;31(2):93-97
A prospective study was conducted on 510 respiratory specimens for the presence of M. tuberculosis
detected by direct acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear examination, culture in the Manual Mycobacteria
Growth Indicator Tube (BBL MGIT, Becton-Dickinson) and culture on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ)
medium. From positive BBL MGIT tubes, Ziehl-Neelsen and Gram stains were performed and
subcultures were put up on LJ medium. A total of 101 (19.8%) specimens were positive by the BBL
MGIT, 60 (11.8%) by primary LJ medium culture, 31 (6.1%) by direct smear examination and 29
(5.7%) by all three methods. Using primary LJ culture as the gold standard, the sensitivity and
specifi city of the BBL MGIT were 90% and 89.6% respectively but the sensitivity of AFB smear
microscopy was only 48.3%. About half (51.1%) of the BBL MGIT false positives were due to
contamination by non-AFB bacteria. The remaining false positives comprised specimens that were
AFB microscopy positive but LJ culture negative. Of the AFB isolates obtained on LJ primary
and sub-cultures, almost all (93.3%) were identifi ed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The
mean time-to-detection was signifi cantly shorter (p<0.0001) for the BBL MGIT than for LJ culture.
For the former, positive results were available within 14 days for both AFB smear-positive and
AFB smear-negative specimens. On the average, positive results were obtained 1.8 days earlier
for direct AFB smear-positive samples than for AFB smear-negative samples. On the other hand,
positive growth on LJ medium appeared after at least 33 days of incubation. These fi ndings suggest
that the BBL MGIT system will be a suitable alternative to LJ culture for the routine diagnosis
of pulmonary tuberculosis, but a combination of liquid and solid cultures is still required for the
highest diagnostic accuracy.
2.Community-acquired bacteremia in Paediatrics:Epidemiology, aetiology and patterns of antimicrobial resistance in a tertiary care centre, Malaysia
Nor Azizah Abu ; Fadzilah Mohd Nor ; Mariam Mohamad ; Anis Siham Zainal Abidin ; Ariza Adnan ; Noor Shafina Mohd Nor ; A Anita Kaur
The Medical Journal of Malaysia 2016;71(3):117-121
Introduction: bacteremia continues to be one of the major
causes of morbidity and mortality despite the existence of
numerous antimicrobial agents. this study aimed to provide
a Malaysian perspective on paediatric community-acquired
bacteraemia based on the documentation of epidemiology
and antimicrobial profile of the isolated pathogens.
Method: A retrospective study was conducted by analysing
clinical details, blood cultures and antimicrobial
susceptibility testing results in children between the ages of
0 to 13 years old, who were admitted to selayang Hospital
over an 11-year period from 2001 until 2011. there were 222
bacteraemia cases and the median age was 11.7 months.
the highest number (39%) of bacteraemia cases occurred
between ages one month to one year. the three most
commonly isolated aetiological agents were
Staphylococcus aureus (17.1%), nontyphoidal Salmonella
(16.2%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (12.6%). Almost 8%
of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were methicillin
resistant, while nontyphoidal Salmonella (Nts) isolates
demonstrated 18.4%, 10.5% and 2.6% resistance towards
ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin
respectively. All Nts isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone.
Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates showed 17.9%
resistance to penicillin. skin and soft tissue infections as
well as lower respiratory tract infections (63.2%) were the
main foci of infections in Staphylococcus aureus
bacteraemia. Acute gastroenteritis (80.0%) and pneumonia
(60.8%) were the main presentations of Nts and
Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia respectively.
Overall mortality rate was 8.1%.
Conclusion: Knowledge on the local epidemiology and
antibiotic resistance pattern serves as a significant platform
in improving the empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with
community acquired bacteraemia.
Anti-Infective Agents
;
Bacteremia
3. Disseminated strongyloidiasis in an immunocompromised host: A case report
Nurul Suhaiza HASSANUDIN ; Zubaidah Abdul WAHAB ; Khalid IBRAHIM ; Fadzilah Mohd NOR ; Fadzilah Mohd NOR
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2017;7(6):587-590
Infections caused by Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis) in human are generally asymptomatic, however in immunocompromised individual, hyperinfection may develop with dissemination of larvae to extra-intestinal organs. The diagnosis could be easily missed due to asymptomatic presentation and insufficient exposure towards the infection itself, which may lead to low index of suspicion as a consequence. In this report, a case of a Malaysian male with underlying diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cerebrovascular accident, bullous pemphigus and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion who initially complained of generalized body weakness and poor appetite without any history suggestive of sepsis is presented. However, he developed septicemic shock later, and S. stercoralis larvae was incidentally found in the tracheal aspirate that was sent to look for acid fast bacilli. Regardless of aggressive resuscitation, the patient succumbed due to pulmonary hemorrhage and acute respiratory distress syndrome. It was revealed that the current case has alarmed us via incidental finding of S. stercoralis larvae in the tracheal aspirate, indicating that the importance of the disease should be emphasized in certain parts of the world and population respectively.
4.Chronic Osteomyelitis of the Tibia Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Shahidatulnadia Rohaizat ; Mohammad Faisol Hamdi Omar ; Mohd Fairudz Mohd Miswan ; Fadzilah Mohd Nor
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2021;17(No.4):439-441
Osteomyelitis accounts for the majority of bone infections with open fractures have higher rates of osteomyelitis
in contrast to closed fractures. It is usually seen in open fractures with substantial contamination and soft tissue
damage, as well as after internal fixation. Chronic osteomyelitis is recognised by continuance presence of microorganisms, sequestrum, low-level of inflammation and fistulae. The infection can be contained to the bone or spread
to the soft tissues, periosteum, and bone marrow. The predominant aetiological agents are Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus species, Enterococcus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae, but rarely due to
Bukholderia pseudomallei. We report a case of post-traumatic chronic osteomyelitis of tibia due to Bukholderia
pseudomallei. This case emphasises the significance of considering melioidosis in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus who have undergone surgical intervention and reside in a region where infectious diseases are prevalent.
5.Hepatitis B virus infection: Epidemiology and seroprevalence rate amongst Negrito tribe in Malaysia
Noraziah Sahlan ; Fadzilah Mohd Nor ; Azdayanti Muslim ; Syahrul Azlin Shaari ; Thuhairah Hasrah Abdul Rahman ; Hoh Boon Peng
The Medical Journal of Malaysia 2019;74(4):320-325
Introduction: Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection
among the non-indigenous people in Malaysia has been well
established and range between 3% and 5%. However, data
from the indigenous (Orang Asli) people is still lacking. The
Negrito population is the most remotely located Orang Asli
tribe with limited access to health care facilities. This study
was undertaken to determine the epidemiology and
seroprevalence of HBV infection among the Negrito.
Methods: Surveys were conducted in five Negrito
settlements in Kelantan and Perak states in Malaysia. A total
of 150 participants were recruited. Clinical history was taken
and physical examination was performed. Five millilitres of
whole blood were collected and tested for hepatitis B
surface antigen (HBsAg) using electrochemiluminescence
immunoassay.
Results: Participants were mainly from the Bateq (49.3%)
and Mendriq (29.4%) sub-tribes. Overall, 13 subjects (8.7 %);
nine males and four females were HBsAg positive. Nine of
the HBsAg positive subjects were ≥35 years old. All of them
had history of home deliver without evidence of antenatal
record. Six (46%) of the HBsAg positive subjects had tattoo
and body piercing in the past.
Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV infection rate amongst
the Negrito tribe is almost three-fold compared to the
national rates. The reason for this finding remains unclear.
Tattooing, body piercing and vertical transmission could be
the main possible routes of transmission of HBV among the
Negrito population in Malaysia.
6.Rapid Molecular Point of Care Testing for Detection of Influenza A, B Viruses and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Versus Multiplex PCR
Fadzilah Mohd Nor ; Wan Azlirull Aini Ahmad Ghazali ; Farah Roslinda Mohd Rustam ; Chen Xin Wee ; Navindra Kumari Palanisamy
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2022;18(No.5):165-170
Introduction: Rapid detection of influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can be achieved by having
rapid molecular point of care tests (POCTs). This expedites the diagnosis attributed by having similar clinical presentations leading to facilitation of precision medicine and reduction of antimicrobial resistance. The growing number
of POCTs foster the need to ensure that these POCTs have satisfactory and reliable performance. With that the aim
of this study is to evaluate the performance of rapid molecular POCT regarded as ‘X’ for the detection of Influenza
viruses and RSV in comparison to multiplex PCR. Methods: A laboratory-based study was conducted from January to
December 2020 which involved analysis of 116 nasopharyngeal swabs, tested using POCT X and multiplex PCR as
a method of reference. The performance analysis incorporated the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predicted values determination. The cycle threshold values were reviewed for discordant results. Results: The POCT X
demonstrated sensitivity of 88.57% with 100% specificity for Influenza A virus, and 85.71% of sensitivity with 100%
specificity for influenza B virus detection. Meanwhile it revealed 100% sensitivity and specificity for RSV detection.
There were ten specimens demonstrating discordant results whereby viruses were not detected by POCT X, however
detected by multiplex PCR. The POCT X was not able to detect eight (12.9%) and two (16.7%) influenza A and B
viruses respectively. Conclusion: The overall performance of POCT X was corresponded to multiplex PCR. This best
served as a steadfast ancillary test for influenza and RSV infection.
7.A Two Years Retrospective Study on Epidemiology Characteristics of Sexually Transmitted Infections From Malaysian Private Healthcare Perspective
Shafiq Aazmi ; Fadzilah Mohd Nor ; Tengku Shahrul Anuar ; Tengku Nur Syahirah Tengku Kamaruzaman ; Muhammad Nazri Aziz ; Nabila Ibrahim ; Mohd Fakharul Zaman Raja Yahya ; Azdayanti Muslim ; , Farida Zuraina Mohd Yusof
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2021;17(No.4):268-274
Introduction: Sexually transmitted Infections (STIs) are major public health concerns reaching an all-time high, globally. In Malaysia data on the prevalence of STIs remains scarce which limits the understanding of STI transmission
dynamics and the role of interventions in the control of STIs. The aim of this study is to determine the epidemiology
characteristics of STIs mainly from Malaysian private healthcare institutions. Method: A two years (2016 and 2017)
retrospective review was conducted on 160 multiplex RT-PCR STI reports from KPJ hospitals, Malaysia. Results:
There were 65 (40.6 %) patients positive STIs [male: 21/65 (32.3 %); female: 44/65 (67.7 %)]. The STIs was prevalent among young adults (56/65; 86.2 %) from the central region (46/65; 70.8 %). Females had 1.7 times greater risk
to develop STI (20 per 100) and two times higher chance to have multiple STIs (10 per 100) in comparison to male.
The single STIs was caused mainly by U. parvum (N=17). In males, U. urealyticum (N=3) and C. trachomatis (N=3)
were prevalent, while U. parvum (N=15) was prevalent in females. There were 19 dual infections of STIs which were
commonly caused by U. parvum and M. hominis (N=5). There were seven STIs cases caused by three pathogens
concurrently including U. urealyticum, U. parvum and C. trachomatis (N=2) and U. urealyticum, M. genitalium
and C. trachomatis (N=2). Females from urban communities have higher risk in comparison to males for developing
multiple STIs. Conclusion: This study provides an imperative platform for temporal trends of STIs in Malaysia which
reflects the health status of certain populations that warrant immediate public health interventions.