Upon the previous studies on the effect of spinal cord repair kinetics, we report the effect of extending the irradiation schedules to 3 treatment day per week. The animals in the experimental group received a pair of 2Gy fraction every other day separated by intervals (day/overnight) of 6h/42h and 8h/40h, respectively. There was significant shift by increasing interfraction intervals from 6/18h and 8/16h to6h/42h and 8h/40h, respectively. It is suggested that the tolerance of spinal cord is reduced while the overnight intervals are shortened from 42h and 40h to 18h and 16h, respectively and the repair of sublethal damage of spinal cord following multifraction treatment per day used in the clinic is not completed. With biexponential model, the ?/? ratio derived from these pooled data was 2.2Gy. T 1/2 values from spinal cord were obtained as 1.3h and 5.5h. It showed that the repair kinetics parameters are in well agreement with the results from the previous work. The repair processes are not influenced by interruption during radiotherapy.

The biology rationale for radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant disease is based on repair, repopulation,reoxygenation and cell cycle redistribution. Various aspects of the roles of the 4R' are discussed, including in determining the sensitivity of tumors and normal tissue tolerances. An improvement in therapeutic ratio may derive from reducing the dose per fraction and minimizing the overall treatmemt duration. Some methods have developed to predict the response of normal and tumor tissues before radiotherapy. The parameters of cell survival at 2Gy(SF2) was correlated with clinical outcome. There is reasons to suppose that the pretreatment tumor LI and Tpot mat be good predictors for tumor repopulation kinetics. This review also discussed the rationale for the use of LQ model in fractionated radiotherapy.

Objective To correctly apply the Capability Maturity Model Integration(CMMI) model to the development process of medical device software,thus optimizing and improving the development process and enhancing the software process capability.Methods The matching between CMMI and IEC62304 was analyzed.The compatibility on application was investigated by taking risk management(the core process) as an example.Results The interface between CMMI and IEC62304 was discovered as well as their optimized process in risk management.Conclusion The process of medical device software development not only can be improved by CMMI model,but also should be.

2 years, no involvement of regional lymph nodes and the recurrence presented as a single nodule.

Recent studies of immunology have aroused new interest in regulatory T cell for immune responses,and scientists have recognized that suppressor T cells exist in vivo and regulatory T(Treg) cells play a crucial role in mediating immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases.This article reviews the types,characteristics,mechanisms,and roles of Treg in immune tolerance,aiming to offer some important theoretical evidence for the treatment of allograft rejection and autoimmune diseases.

Objective To introduce the development of an adjustable and bed- type table for pleural puncture and observe its clinical effect. Methods 100 patients who were to undergo pleural puncture were divided into the experimental group and the control group with 50 cases in each group.The experimen-tal group adopted the adjustable and bed-type table for pleural puncture, while the control group used the conventional method.The pulse,respiration and artery blood oxygen saturation degree were observed. The ef-feet of puncture was also compared. Results The pulse and respiration increased and the artery blood oxygen saturation degree decreased after puncture,which were significantly different between the two groups. One- time success rate of puncture,comfort degree and satisfaction degree of patients in the experimental group were better than those of the control group. Conclusions Adjustable and bed- type table for pleu-ral puncture can reduce the uncomfort of patients and increase the success rate of puncture and satisfaction degree of patients.

The heterogeneity is one of the main points in study on the mast cells. In the present paper, the heterogeneity of skin connective mast cells (CTMC) in comparison with that of gastrointestinal mucosal mast cells (MMC) with both toluidine blue staining and immunostaining was studied. The results showed that the CTMC fixed with formaldehyde could be demonstrated with routine toluidine blue staining, whereas the MMC could be demonstrated only with lower pH and prolonged staining duration. In immunostaining almost all of the CTMC showed serotoninimmunoreactivity, and only 10% of the CTMC showed substance P-immunoreactivity; while approximate 35% of the MMC showed serotonin-immunoreacivity and no substance P-immunoreactivity was found. The results indicate that the mast cell heterogeneity may be found in toluidine blue staining as well as in immunostaining.

Background and purpose:Radical cystectomy is viewed as the standard treatment for bladder carcinoma,but organ preservation has been attempted for patients with muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma over the past decades as an alternative to radical cystectomy.The majority of studies included transurethral resection of bladder tumor(TURB),radiotherapy,and chemotherapy,as a feasible and safe organ-sparing approach with the similar outcome to radical cystectomy.The current study evaluated the outcomes and complications of the radiation therapy for the patients with bladder cancer,and prognosis factors had been analyzed.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed 21 patients with bladder cancer.The clinical stages of the patients were 15 with T_2;5 with T_3 and 2 with T_4.2 of them were lymph node-positive,16 of patients were pathologically proved as transitional cell carcinoma,4 as adenocarcinoma and 1 as transitional cell carcinoma plus squamous cell carcinoma.Conventional fractionation radiotherapy was given at a median dose of 54.5Gy(ranged 49.2-69.9 Gy) after surgery.Kaplan-Meier method and Logrank method were used for the statistical analysis.Results:Median follow-up was 32 months.The overall survivals at 1 year,3 years and 5 years were 90.5%,47.1%,and 36.7% respectively.The local disease free rates were 95.0%,62.4%,and 47.5% respectively.15 of 16 patients' deaths were related to the tumor.In univariate analysis,only small field irradiation was found as a prognosis factor in survival(?~(2)=5.36,P=0.02).Conclusions:Combined treatment appears to provide high response rates and can be offered as an alternative option to radical cystectomy for selected patients who refuse or are unsuitable for surgery.A large number of patients,multicenter,prospective randomized trial would be desirable to evaluate the role of radiotherapy in the multi-modality treatment of bladder cancer.

Objective To analyze the clinical feature, diagnosis, treatment a nd prognostic factors of primary lymphoma of the small bowel. Methods From Apr il 1989 to May 2002, 33 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the small bowel were analyzed retrospectively. The Ann Arbor stages were: ⅠE 12, ⅡE 15 and Ⅳ E 6. The histological subtypes were: T-cell lymphoma 1 and B-cell lymphomas 32. A ll the patients received surgical treatment including radical or palliative rese ction. Twenty-six patients received postoperative radiotherapy including strip -f ield technique in 12 and opposed anterior-posterior fields in 14, with a median dose of 2543.5?cGy. Postoperative chemotherapy were applied to all patients inclu ding CHOP regimen in 17, COMP regimen in 6, COP regimen in 3, MINE regimen in 2, COPP regimen in 3 and BACOP regimen in 2. The median number of cycle was 4. Results The overall 5-year survival rate and disease-free survival rate were 48% and 39%. The 5-year survival rates were: ⅠE stage 42%, ⅡE stage 67% and ⅣE s tage 17%, respectively. Conclusions Most of the primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the small intestine are in stage ⅠE and ⅡE, and the intermediate-grade and h igh-grade pathological subtypes are predominant. Surgery based combined treatme n t is effective and is advised. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy may improve the sur vival.