Objective To systematic evaluate the prevalence of secondhand smoke among Chinese mainland rural residents by meta?analysis,so as to provide reference for making relevant smoking control regulations and the carry out of targeted tobacco control action. Methods The related stud?ies were searched and collected from PubMed,CNKI,Wanfangdata,VIP and CBM database,which were published between 2001 and 2015 about the prevalence of secondhand smoke among Chinese mainland rural residents. Meta?analysis was tested by software CMA V2. Results The pooled prevalence of secondhand smoke among Chinese mainland rural residents was 46.6%(95%CI 40.5%?52.8%). Stratified analysis showed that the prevalence of secondhand smoke were 45.7%and 47.5%for male and female,45.7%and 51.1%for eastern and midwest China,22.1%、34.2%and 71.3%for public place,workplace and family,respectively. The prevalence among sex,regions,and places were statistically significant. Conclusion The prevalence of secondhand smoke among Chinese mainland rural residents was relatively high,and the prevalence of secondhand smoke was higher in women than in men,in midwest area than in eastern area,and at family than at public place and at workplace.

Objective To compare the long-term outcome between breast-conserving therapy with mastectomy therapy for early stage invasive breast cancer through a Meta analysis of the randomized controlled trials published worldwide.Methods Cochrane systematic evaluation was used to search through Cochrane libraries of clinical comparative trials,PubMed,Embase,Cancer Lit,and so on.The quality of literatures was independently evaluated and cross-checked by two evaluators,indicators for assessment including death number at the end of follow-up,locoregional and total recurrence.The results were analyzed with RevMan 4.2.2 software.Results Six articles were involved in the Meta analysis with total 3 933 patients.No statistical difference was found in the death at the end of follow-up between breast-conserving therapy group and mastectomy therapy group(OR=1.05,95% CI=0.93-1.19,P=0.45).Locoregional and total recurrence rate of breast-conserving therapy group were statistical higher than those in mastectomy therapy group(OR=1.64,95% CI:1.10-2.44,P=0.01;OR=1.42,95% CI:1.22-1.64,P

Three-dimensional cell culture is widely recognized as a model in vitro that can better simu-late the interaction between tumor cells in vivo and cell microenvironment. Compared with the traditional two-dimensional cell culture,it has obvious advantages in the study of the observation of tumor cells biological be-havior,tumor resistance,radiation insensitivity,gene expression in vivo and in other aspects of the study. It can provide a valuable model in vitro for experimental study on the basis of tumor.

Mononuclear cells obtained from heparinized fresh venous blood of healthy male blood donors by means of Ficoll-Hypaque densitz gradient centrifugation were subjected to petri dish adhesion and nylon-wool-column separation to harvest monocytes (Mon) and T lymphocytes (T) high purity, respectively. APF of Mon, as reflected by ~3H-TdR incorporated T proliferation, was assayed after the Mon had been preincubated with PPD (purified protein derivative, end concentration 9.25 ?g/ml), PPD+ascorbic acid, PPD+cortisol, and PPD+ascorbic acid+cortisol for 24 hours at 37℃, in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO_2. It was shown that APF of the Mon was markedly enhanced by ascorbic acid in a concentration of 3.75mM (P0.05).

A spinal cord injury at a level above T1 often results in a partial or complete loss of the hand function. Transcutaneous functional electrical stimulation is a method to stimulate the handicapped limb muscle by low frequency impulsive current to generate muscle contraction. The immediate effect can replace or correct the lost function to promote function reconstruction through adjusting high-level nerve center and improve daily activity. Functional electrical stimulation provides a efficient therapy for the rehabilitation of patients with spinal injury, and brings a hope to improve the quality of life of paraplegina patients. However, transcutaneous functional electrical stimulation requires assistance to place the equipment on the patients and technical support. Both patients and their families often have too high expectations from this therapy, and become disappointed since the results are not satisfactory. Therefore, we should continue to carry out studies on the parameters and equipments of functional electrical stimulation, and renovate the stimulator to make it more convenient and efficient.

Objective To establish a method for quality control of Shenbo Fuyanning suppositories. Methods Sophorae flavescentis Radix, Rhizoma dioscoreae Hypoglaucae, and Cnidii fructus were identified by thin layer chromatography ( TLC) , and the content of berberine hydrochloride was determined by HPLC. Results The TLC spots were clear and the negative control had no interference.Berberine hydrochloride had a linear relationship in the range of 0.079-0.790 μg, and the average recovery was 99.3%(RSD=0.70%,n=6). Conclusion The method is accurate, reliable and feasible, and can be used in the quality control of the Shenbo Fuyanning suppository effectively.

Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation are the high-risk population of ischemic stroke.Anticoagulation therapy is mainly used to prevent the occurrence of stroke in clinical practice.However,there are some difficulties in the conventional administration of oral anticoagulant warfarin because of some restrictions.There are a number of novel oral anticoagulants with promising data for the prevention of stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation,such as direct thrombin inhibitor and coagulant factor X a inhibitor.

The vulnerable carotid atherosclerosis plaque is an important risk factor for ischemic stroke.However,there are no objective diagnostic criteria for the vulnerability of carotid atherosclerosis plaque in clinical practice now.This article reviews the progress in the diagnosis of vulnerable plaque from the aspects of ultrasound,CT,MRL cerebral angiography,and biochemical indexes.

Objective To observe the inhibitory effect of Bevacizumab on retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse. Methods 90 one-week-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups at random.15 mice in the 1st group as normal control group,15 mice in the 2nd group as oxygen control group,30 mice in the 3rd group as high-dose Bevacizumab treatment group,30 mice in the 4th group as low-dose Bevacizumab treatment group.The 2nd,3rd and 4th groups were exposed to 75%oxygen for 5 days and then to room air.At the 12th day,One eye of each mouse of two control groups were received an intravitreal injection with Bevacizumab at 2μl、1μl respectively,and the same volume of BSS was injected into the other eye of the mice.The adenosine diphosphatase(ADPase)histochemical technique was used for retinal flat mount to assess the oxygen-induced changes of retinal vessels.The number of the endothelium cell nuclei of proliferative neovascularization was quantified by retinal microtome chromoscopy.Real-time PCR analysis was performed to examine the expression of VEGF mRNA. Results Comparing with oxygen control group,regular distributions,reduced density of retinal vascular and reduced endothelium cell nuclei which extending retinal membrane were observed in the treatment groups(P＜0.001).But the differences between two treatment groups are not statistically significant(P＞0.05).The expression of VEGF mRNA was not significantly different in oxygen control group whatever it whether accepted Bevacizumab treatment or high or low dose(P＞0.05). Conclusion Intravitreal injection with Bevacizumab can effectively inhibits the retinal neovascularization in oxygeninduced retinopathy in the mouse.Intravitreal injection with Bevacizumab might become to the new method to treat retinopathy of premature.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of acupuncture plus auricular point sticking for tension-type headache (TTH). Methods: A total of 90 TTH patients were divided into an acupuncture group, an auricular point sticking group and an observation group by random number table method, with 30 cases in each group. Patients in the observation group received acupuncture plus auricular point sticking for treatment, while those in the acupuncture group only received acupuncture and those in the auricular point sticking group only received auricular point sticking for treatment. The headache attack frequency and the scores of visual analog scale (VAS), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were observed before treatment, after treatment and 3 months after treatment. The clinical efficacy was evaluated at the follow-up of 3 months after treatment. Results: At follow-up, there were significant differences in clinical efficacy among the three groups (P<0.01 or P<0.05), and the clinical efficacy ranking from high to low was the observation group, the acupuncture group and the auricular point sticking group. After treatment and at follow-up, the VAS score, headache attack frequency, SAS and SDS scores in the three groups were significantly lower than those before treatment (all P<0.01). The above four results in the observation group were lower than those in the acupuncture group and the auricular point sticking group at the same time point (all P<0.01); VAS score in the acupuncture group was lower than that in the auricular point sticking group (both P<0.05). At follow-up, the headache frequency in the acupuncture group was lower than that in the auricular point sticking group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Either using acupuncture and auricular point sticking together or separately can reduce the headache degree of TTH patients, reduce the number of headache attacks, and relieve anxiety and depression. The efficacy of acupuncture plus auricular point sticking is most significant.