Artelinic acid (6d) and Metaartelic acid (8), water soluble dihydroartemisinin derivatives with antimalarial activity, were prepared by direct etherification of dihydroartemisinin (2) with appropriate hydroxymethyl z=benzoic acid.
Sesquiterpenes ; Ethers

No abstract available.
Anesthesia ; Dihydroergotamine ; Methyl Ethers

Humans ; Methyl Ethers ; toxicity ; Occupational Exposure

Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers ; adverse effects ; Humans

No abstract available.
Anesthesia ; Epilepsy ; Humans ; Methyl Ethers ; Status Epilepticus

To clarify the content characteristics of the main active components and mineral elements of Cynomorium songaricum under different habitat conditions, and further explore the relationship between the quality of C. songaricum and habitats, this study took C. songaricum from 25 different habitats in China as the research object, and measured the contents of 8 main active components and 12 mineral elements separately. Diversity analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were carried out. The results showed that the genetic diversity of total flavonoids, ursolic acid, ether extract, potassium(K), phosphorus(P) and zinc(Zn) in C. songaricum was high. The coefficient of variation of crude polysaccharide, ether extract, gallic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, catechin, epicatechin, calcium(Ca), sodium(Na), magnesium(Mg), sulfur(S), iron(Fe), manganese(Mn), selenium(Se) and nickel(Ni) were all over 36%, indicating that the quality of C. songaricum was significantly affected by habitats. There were strong synergistic and weak antagonistic effects among the contents of the 8 active components, and complex antagonistic and synergistic effects among the contents of the 12 mineral elements. Principal component analysis revealed that crude polysaccharide, ursolic acid, catechin, epicatechin and total flavonoids could be used as the characteristic components to evaluate the quality of C. songaricum, and Na, copper(Cu), Mn and Ni were the characteristic elements to evaluate the quality of C. songaricum. In cluster ana-lysis, the second group with the main active components as cluster center had better quality in terms of the content of active substances, and the second group with the mineral elements as cluster center had higher utilization potential in the exploitation of mineral elements. This study could provide a basis for resource evaluation and breeding of excellent varieties of C. songaricum in different habitats, and provide a reference for cultivation and identification of C. songaricum.
Cynomorium ; Catechin ; Plant Breeding ; Selenium ; Ethers ; Ethyl Ethers ; Flavonoids ; Plant Extracts

BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane and desflurane are widely used anesthetics and can be simulated in pharmacokinetic models. These models are related to steady state pharmacokinetics, As anesthetic elimination is a non-steady state process, we evaluated the elimination data of volatile anesthetics using a two-compartment model (bi-exponential function). 50, 80, and 90% context-sensitive decrement times were evaluated with this function. These times are related to awakening and cognitive function recovery. METHODS: Forty-eight healthy patients were enrolled for minimal surgery under general anesthesia. They were randomly anesthetized with either sevoflurane or desflurane. At the end of surgery, when the administration of the volatile anesthetics was discontinued, end-tidal concentrations (PE) were recorded for 15 minutes. We calculated and analyzed the fraction of anesthetic concentrations (PE/PE0) using a bi-exponential function (PE0: the last end-tidal concentration of anesthetics during anesthesia). RESULTS: A bi-exponential function was fit to the elimination data using non-linear mixed-effect modeling. It showed that the anesthetic duration had effects on the coefficients of early and late components and not on the log rate constants. The coefficient of late components increased and the coefficient of early components decreased with prolonged anesthetic duration. Irrespective to the type of anesthetics, prolonged anesthesia did not affect the context-sensitive half-life; however, a prolonged period of time was required to reach 80 and 90% decrement after prolonged anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged anesthetic duration slowed down the elimination of volatile anesthetics. It delayed awakeness and a return to normal cognitive function after anesthesia.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthetics ; Humans ; Isoflurane ; Methyl Ethers

An ideal reversal agent could be given at any time after the administration of a neuromuscular blocking agent, and should have no muscarinic side-effects. Sugammadex is a modified gamma-cyclodextrin designed to encapsulate rocuronium bromide, providing a rapid reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Sugammadex is a revolutionary investigational reversal drug currently undergoing Phase III testing whose introduction into clinical practice in Korea may change the face of clinical neuromuscular pharmacology. The dose of sugammadex for reversal of moderate block (when T2 is detectable) is approximately 2 mg/kg, the dose is 4-8 mg/kg for profound block (post-tetanic count 1-2) and a larger dose of 16 mg/kg for immediate reversal. The use of sugammadex has not been reported to be associated with recurrence of block provided a dose that is adequate for reversal has been used. Sugammadex appears to have an acceptable safety profile. Volatile agent such as sevoflurane seems not to influence the sugammadex ability to reverse the rocuronium neuromuscular blockade.
Androstanols ; gamma-Cyclodextrins ; Korea ; Methyl Ethers ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Recurrence

Halothane, isoflurane and desflurane are metabolized to hepatotoxic trifluoroacetyl proteins. But sevoflurane is metabolized to hexafluoroisopropanol. Hexafluoroisopropanol has a low binding affinity for liver protein and is therefore rapidly converted to glucuronidate that are excreted in the urine. Thus sevoflurane has been considered to have a very low potential for hepatotoxicity. We report a case of a 67 years old woman who developed acute hepatic dysfunction after sevoflurane anesthesia.
Anesthesia ; Female ; Halothane ; Humans ; Isoflurane ; Liver ; Methyl Ethers ; Propanols ; Proteins

BACKGROUND: We wanted to determine the postoperative analgesic efficacy of preincisional caudal epidural block versus instillation (splash block) following inguinal herniorrhaphy in children. METHODS: Thirty children (age range: 1-7 years) who were scheduled to undergo inguinal herniorrhaphy were divided into 2 groups: the caudal block group and the splash block group with 15 children in each group. Tracheal intubation was performed. Fifteen children received caudal block with 1.0 ml/kg of 0.25% ropivacaine (Group 1). Caudal block was performed using the loss of resistance method via the sacral hiatus. Fifteen children in Group 2 received local instillation (splash block) in the surgical site with up to 0.4 ml/kg of 0.25% ropivacaine. The patients were observed for 90 minutes in the postanesthesia care unit and then they were transferred to the ward. The pain scores were taken 4 times. We assessed pain using the Faces pain scores. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups regarding the pain scores at 10, 30 and 60 minutes upon entering the postanesthesia care unit. The pain scores of Group 1 were slightly lower at the last evaluation point when compared to that of Group 2. One patient in Group 1 required supplemental postoperative intravenous (IV) tramadol, while all the other patients in both groups did not require supplemental IV tramadol. The intraoperative requirement for sevoflurane was decreased in Group 1 as compared to that of Group 2. There were no major complications related to either type of block. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a splash block can have a similar analgesic effect as that of a caudal block for the postoperative herniorrhaphy pain of children.
Amides ; Analgesia ; Child ; Herniorrhaphy ; Humans ; Intubation ; Methyl Ethers ; Tramadol