OBJECTIVE: The potential of a low-cost, novel Kinect?-based markerless motion analysis system as a tool to measure temporospatial parameters, joint and muscle kinematics, and hand trajectory patterns during the propulsion and recovery phase of wheelchair propulsion (WCP) was determined.

METHODS:Twenty (20) adult male track and field paralympians,(mean age = 36 ± 8.47) propelled themselves on a wheelchair ergometer system while their upper extremity motion was recorded by two Kinect? cameras and processed.

RESULTS: The temporospatial parameters, joint kinematics, and hand trajectory patterns during the propulsion and recovery phase of each participant's WCP cycle were determined and averaged. Average cycle time was 1.45s ± 0.19, average cadence was 0.70 cycles/s ± 0.09, and average speed was 0.76m/s ± 0.32. Average shoulder flexion was 30.99° ± 28.38, average elbow flexion was 24.23° ± 12.25, and average wrist flexion was 12.82° ± 26.78. Eighty five percent (85%) of the participants used a semicircular hand trajectory pattern.

CONCLUSION: The low-cost, novel Kinect?-based markerless motion analysis system had the potential to obtain measurable values during independent wheelchair propu
Biomechanical Phenomena ; Ergometry ; Track and Field ; Para-Athletes

Forty-six patients receiving maintenance "conventional" hemodialysis were studied before and after a 12-week conditioning program to determine the effects of physiologic and psychosocial functions. The subjects were assigned at random to either a exercise(n=25) or a control group(n=21). The subjects in the exercise group performed a combination of bicycle ergometry and treadmill walking two or four times a week for a total exercise time of 10-40 min per session. A low-level graded exercise treadmill stress test(GXT) were administered before and after training. Hematological and serum lipid profiles were also determined before and after training. Following training, there were improvements in physical work capacity(PWC) for the GXT(p<0.05). Also there was increase in physical fitness(p<0.05) compared with control. Although no significant differences in low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride, significant difference was observed for total cholesterol. Additionally, no significant changes were seen in hematological parameters, but psychosocial functions improved significantly after training. This study demonstrated that exercise training before hemodialysis can improve exercise capacities, physiologic and psychosocial functioning in end-stage renal disease patients. Thus, exercise training seems to have beneficial effects on physiologic and psychosocial functioning in hemodialysis patients, and should be considered as a therapeutic modality for their medical management and rehabilitation.
Activities of Daily Living ; Cholesterol ; Compliance ; Ergometry ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic* ; Rehabilitation ; Renal Dialysis* ; Triglycerides ; Walking

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to exam the effects of exercise modes on the systolic blood pressure and rate-pressure product during a gradually increasing exercise load from low to high intensity. METHODS: Fifteen apparently healthy men aged 19 to 23 performed the graded exercise tests on cycle ergometer (CE) and treadmill (TM). During the low-to-maximal exercises, oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and rate-pressure product were measured. RESULTS: CE had a significantly lower maximum VO2 than TM (CE vs. TM: 48.51+/-1.30 vs. 55.4+/-1.19 mL/kg/min; p<0.001). However, CE showed a higher maximum SBP (SBPmax) at the all-out exercise load than TM (CE vs. TM: 170+/-2.4 vs. 154+/-1.7 mmHg; p<0.001). During the low-to-maximal intensity increment, the slope of the HR with VO2 was the same as VO2 increased in times of the graded exercise test of CE and TM (CE vs. TM: 2.542+/-0.100 vs. 2.506+/-0.087; p=0.26). The slope of increase on SBP accompanied by VO2 increase was significantly higher in CE than in TM (CE vs. TM: 1.669+/-0.117 vs. 1.179+/-0.063; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The SBP response is stronger in CE than in TM during the graded exercise test. Therefore, there is a possibility that CE could induce a greater burden on workloads to cardiovascular system in humans than TM.
Aged ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular System ; Ergometry ; Exercise ; Exercise Test ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Male ; Oxygen

BACKGROUND: Although the long term adverse effects of cigarette smoking on health are well known, the acute possible detrimental effects of smoking on pulmonary or cardiovascular function, especially when these systems are stressed by the metabolic demands of exercise, have not been well studied. The purpose of this study is to .determine the acute action of cigarette smoking on cardiopulmonary function under stress.' METHOD: Twenty-one healthy smoking subjects were studied. Before exrecise testing, history taking, physical examination and baseline studies, including CBC, chest PA, PFT and EKG, were done. The subjects performed an incremental bicycle exercise test to exhaustion on two occasions, one without smoking and the other after smoking 5 cigarettes/h for 2 hours. All indices of P.F.T and bicycle ergometry were compared between before and after smoking. RESULTS: 1. VO2max and O2 pulse showed significant decrease in smoking day. 2. Although there were no significant differences, anaerobic threshold showed a tendency of decrease and HRmax showed that of increase in smoking day. 3. P.F.T. and respiratory indices showed no significant change in smoking day. CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking has immediate adverse effect, especially on the cardiovascular system rather than the respiratory system. These results would be due to the effect of elevated HbCO and/or impaired blood flow iii response to the exercise stimulus.
Anaerobic Threshold ; Cardiovascular System ; Electrocardiography ; Ergometry ; Exercise Test ; Humans ; Physical Examination ; Respiratory System ; Smoke ; Smoking* ; Thorax ; Tobacco Products* ; Young Adult*

The survival rate in ESRD patients is increased in recent several years. Therefore the Quality of Life and rehabilitation became more important. To evaluate the validity and utility of the walk performance test such as the 6-minute-walk test and WALK test as a substitute of exercise ergometry, we examined the cycle ergometer-graded exercise test for physiologic exercise capacity(VO2max) and walk performance test in hemodialysis patients. The walk performance test was done 3 times of at least 48 hour interval before dialysis in randomly sampled 21 patients. The cycle ergometer-graded exercise test was done in interdialysis day. The result was as following : 1) The mean distance of 6 minute walk test was 472.6+/-105.2m(1st 448.9+/-111.6m, 2nd 479.1+/-89.8m, 3rd 489.9+/-113.4m) and Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) overall 10.4+/-1.7(1st 10.3+/-2.1, 2nd 10.5+/-1.6, 3rd 10.5+/-1.6) and RPE leg 11.2+/-2.7(1st 11.0+/-2.8, 2 nd 11.1+/-2.5, 3rd 11.4+/-2.8). The difference between the test was not significant. 2) The mean time of walking-stair-climbing test was 62.9+/-5.0sec(1st 64.9+/-5.7sec, 2nd 61.9+/-5.7sec, 3rd 61.8+/-5.6sec) and RPE overall 10.7+/-1.9(1st 10.7+/-2.2, 2nd 10.9+/-2.3, 3rd 10.5+/-1.2) and RPE leg 10.9+/-2.7(1st 11.1+/-2.9, 2nd 10.9+/-2.6, 3rd 10.8+/-2.6). The difference between the test was not significant. 3) The VO2max was 13.8+/-5.3mL/kg/min and 46.5+/-14.8% of predicted value. 4) At the finish of the cycle ergometer-graded exercise test, the heart rate did not increase over 100 bpm in 13 patients. 5) The VO2max was significantly correlated with the age(r=-0.604, p<0.01), WALK test(r=-0.453, p<0.05), 6 minute walk test(r=0.561, p<0.05). In conclusion, the 6 minute walk test and WALK test are simple, reliable tests to assess the exercise capacity and predict VO2max in hemodialysis patients.
Dialysis ; Ergometry ; Exercise Test ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Leg ; Quality of Life ; Rehabilitation ; Renal Dialysis* ; Survival Rate

The survival rate in ESRD patients is increased in recent several years. Therefore the Quality of Life and rehabilitation became more important. To evaluate the validity and utility of the walk performance test such as the 6-minute-walk test and WALK test as a substitute of exercise ergometry, we examined the cycle ergometer-graded exercise test for physiologic exercise capacity(VO2max) and walk performance test in hemodialysis patients. The walk performance test was done 3 times of at least 48 hour interval before dialysis in randomly sampled 21 patients. The cycle ergometer-graded exercise test was done in interdialysis day. The result was as following : 1) The mean distance of 6 minute walk test was 472.6+/-105.2m(1st 448.9+/-111.6m, 2nd 479.1+/-89.8m, 3rd 489.9+/-113.4m) and Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) overall 10.4+/-1.7(1st 10.3+/-2.1, 2nd 10.5+/-1.6, 3rd 10.5+/-1.6) and RPE leg 11.2+/-2.7(1st 11.0+/-2.8, 2 nd 11.1+/-2.5, 3rd 11.4+/-2.8). The difference between the test was not significant. 2) The mean time of walking-stair-climbing test was 62.9+/-5.0sec(1st 64.9+/-5.7sec, 2nd 61.9+/-5.7sec, 3rd 61.8+/-5.6sec) and RPE overall 10.7+/-1.9(1st 10.7+/-2.2, 2nd 10.9+/-2.3, 3rd 10.5+/-1.2) and RPE leg 10.9+/-2.7(1st 11.1+/-2.9, 2nd 10.9+/-2.6, 3rd 10.8+/-2.6). The difference between the test was not significant. 3) The VO2max was 13.8+/-5.3mL/kg/min and 46.5+/-14.8% of predicted value. 4) At the finish of the cycle ergometer-graded exercise test, the heart rate did not increase over 100 bpm in 13 patients. 5) The VO2max was significantly correlated with the age(r=-0.604, p<0.01), WALK test(r=-0.453, p<0.05), 6 minute walk test(r=0.561, p<0.05). In conclusion, the 6 minute walk test and WALK test are simple, reliable tests to assess the exercise capacity and predict VO2max in hemodialysis patients.
Dialysis ; Ergometry ; Exercise Test ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Leg ; Quality of Life ; Rehabilitation ; Renal Dialysis* ; Survival Rate

Bronchodilator therapy is central to the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and are recommended as the preferred treatment by the Global Obstructive Lung Disease Initiative (GOLD). Long acting anti-muscarinics (LAMA) and long acting β₂ agonists (LABA) are both more effective than regular short-acting drugs but many patients remain symptomatic despite monotherapy with these drugs. Combination therapy with LAMA and LABA increases the therapeutic benefit while minimizing dose-dependent side effects of long-acting bronchodilator therapy. The TOviTO programme has investigated the benefits of treatment with a combination of tiotropium and olodaterol administered via a single inhaler. Tiotropium+olodaterol 5/5 µg significantly improved forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) area under the curve from 0 to 3 hours, trough FEV₁ health status and breathlessness versus the mono-components and placebo. Tiotropium+olodaterol 5/5 µg also increased endurance time and reduced dynamic hyperinflation during constant work rate cycle ergometry. On the basis of these and other studies the 2017 GOLD report recommends escalating to dual bronchodilator therapy in patients in groups B and C if they remain symptomatic or continue to have exacerbations and as initial therapy for patients in group D.
Dyspnea ; Ergometry ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Lung Diseases ; Lung Diseases, Obstructive ; Nebulizers and Vaporizers ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Tiotropium Bromide

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of arm ergometry exercise training on the cardiovascular system and sensorimotor function in the early stroke patients. METHOD: 19 stroke patients without cardiac disease were randomly assigned to exercise training group (9 patients) and control group (10 patients). The time interval between the onset of stroke and exercise training was 20 days. The training group subjects were trained three times a week for 30 minuts by arm ergometry and conventional rehabilitation during 4 weeks. Exercise intensity was prescribed at 30% to 60% of heart rate reserve. Control group were trained only conventional rehabilitation. Exercise test with arm ergometry was performed before and after 4 weeks training period. To evaluate sensorimotor function, Fugl-Meyer score of upper extremities was measured before and after 4 weeks training period. RESULTS: In training group, heart rate at rest decreased after 4 weeks training significantly. However, improvement of peak oxygen uptake was not significant. After 4 weeks, the difference of Fugl-Meyer score are correlate the difference of peak oxygen uptake. CONCLUSION: Early aerobic exercise training in stroke patients may improve resting heart rate and sensorimotor function.
Arm* ; Cardiovascular System ; Ergometry* ; Exercise ; Exercise Test ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Oxygen ; Rehabilitation ; Stroke* ; Upper Extremity

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of cycling ergometry and to compare energy expenditure and walking performance after arm cycling with those after leg cycling in patients with brain diseases. METHOD: Twenty-two adults with brain diseases (6 stroke, 4 traumatic brain injury, 4 brain tumor, 4 parkinsonism, 4 cerebral palsy) were recruited as subjects. They were randomly assigned to disease-matched groups; arm cycling and leg cycling (n=11 each). VO2 (L/min), VCO2 (L/min), VE (L/min), O2 rate (ml/kg, min), O2 pulse (ml/kg, bpm), O2 cost (ml/kg, m) and VO2 peak (ml/kg, min) during cycling test or walking test, and walking performance were evaluated after cycling training for 4~6 weeks. RESULTS: Arm cycling exercise did not improve any parameters such as VO2, VCO2, O2 rate and O2 cost during walking test, whereas it increased VCO2, VE and O2 pulse during cycling test. In contrast, leg cycling significantly improved walking velocity and distance, and decreased O2 cost during walking test. It also increased all parameters including VO2 peak during cycling test (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Leg cycling exercise improved walking performance and energy efficiency of walking as well as cardiorespiratory fitness relative to arm cycling. Therefore, leg cycling promoted lower-extremity task such as walking in patients with brain diseases.
Adult ; Arm ; Brain ; Brain Diseases ; Brain Injuries ; Brain Neoplasms ; Energy Metabolism ; Ergometry ; Humans ; Leg ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Stroke ; Walking

OBJECTIVE: To determine if assistive ergometer training can improve the functional ability and aerobic capacity of subacute stroke patients and if functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the paretic leg during ergometer cycling has additional effects. METHODS: Sixteen subacute stroke patents were randomly assigned to the FES group (n=8) or the control group (n=8). All patients underwent assistive ergometer training for 30 minutes (five times per week for 4 weeks). The electrical stimulation group received FES of the paretic lower limb muscles during assistive ergometer training. The six-minute walk test (6MWT), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and the Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) were evaluated at the beginning and end of treatment. Peak oxygen consumption (Vo2peak), metabolic equivalent (MET), resting and maximal heart rate, resting and maximal blood pressure, maximal rate pressure product, submaximal rate pressure product, submaximal rate of perceived exertion, exercise duration, respiratory exchange ratio, and estimated anaerobic threshold (AT) were determined with the exercise tolerance test before and after treatment. RESULTS: At 4 weeks after treatment, the FES assistive ergometer training group showed significant improvements in 6MWT (p=0.01), BBS (p=0.01), K-MBI (p=0.01), Vo(2peak) (p=0.02), MET (p=0.02), and estimated AT (p=0.02). The control group showed improvements in only BBS (p=0.01) and K-MBI (p=0.02). However, there was no significant difference in exercise capacity and functional ability between the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that ergometer training for 4 weeks improved the functional ability of subacute stroke patients. In addition, aerobic capacity was improved after assisted ergometer training with a FES only.
Anaerobic Threshold ; Bicycling ; Blood Pressure ; Electric Stimulation* ; Ergometry ; Exercise Tolerance ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Leg ; Lower Extremity ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Muscles ; Oxygen Consumption ; Stroke*