BACKGROUNDProstate cancer is the most frequent malignancy among men nowadays.METHODSImmunohistochemical expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was retrospectively investigated in 10 patients admitted with clinical suspicion of the prostate cancer. Slides were collected from archived biopsiesandthey were stained for PSA.The final reaction product was evaluated as negative (0), weak/moderate positive (1), and intense positive (2).RESULTSGlandular prostate carcinoma was found in 40% (n=4) and undifferentiated carcinoma in 60% (n=6). The immunoreaction for PSA was intense positive in 30% (n=3), weak/moderate positive in 50% (n=5) and negative in 20% (n=2) of total cases.CONCLUSIONSWe concludethat PSA immunoreaction is helpful for the differential diagnosis based on our results.

IntroductionThe aimag health statistics of 2009 shows that the cancer morbidity is 24.94 per 10000 populations,which is 1.6 times and the cancer mortality is 21.48 per 1000, 1.8 times higher than the national average respectively. Therefore, this research was carried out to study the KAP on breast and cervical cancers among the women of Sukhbaatar aimag for planning and implementation of actions meeting their needs.MethodologyIn total 570 women from Bayandelger, Dariganga, Ongon, Munhkhaan and Erdenetsagaan soums and 2 baghs of the aimag centre were involved in the study by random sampling.ResultsIn the study involved 570 women of 6 soums of Sukhbaatar aimag. The average age of the women is 33 1.0. Women with university education are 21.4%, with complete secondary education 44.3%, with incomplete secondary education 3.3%, with primary education 7.7%, and uneducated was 1.1%. Herding women composed 22.8% of the participants. The knowledge related to the age of the participants demonstrate higher level of knowledge on cancer among 35-44 year old women. By thereasons of involvement in the breast screening, 68% have not been examined in last 5 years, 10% have visited voluntarily and the rest participated as it was organised by their employees or by chance. The average score of the knowledge on cervical cancer was 7.8 or 30%. The women themselves assessed their knowledge on cervical cancer as poor. The responses given by respondents in the study of the signs of the cancer also demonstrate low level of knowledge. Also the women’s knowledge on early detection of the cancer is insufficient. The knowledge, attitude and practicce of local women concerning breast/cervical cancer, the factors affecting the screening, current needs and the level of health education were defined by this study and the findings of the study show that it is necessary to focus on improving the KAP of the target population on preventive acctivities and participation in screening and enhancement of related trainings.Conclusions:1. The knowledge of the women on breast and cervical cancers is generally low.2. The sources of information on the causes of breast and cervical cancers are scarce.1. The insufficient KAP towards screening and poor preventive behavior negatively affect early diagnosing of breast/cervical cancer.

IntroductionThe detection of adverse drug reactions has become increasingly significant because of introduction of a large number of potent toxic chemicals as drugs in the last two or three decades. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring and reporting activity is in its infancy in Mongolia. The important reason is lack of awareness and lack of interest of healthcare professionals in ADR reporting and documentation.GoalTo evaluate implementation and trends of health care professionals toward adverse drug reaction reporting at first, second and tertiary level hospitals.Materials and MethodA prospective study was carried out in first and second level hospitals of Khentii, Dundgovi, GoviAltai, Selenge and Uvurkhangai provinces, Sukhbaatar, Songinokhairkhan district hospital and First maternaty hospital. From tertiary level hospitals were selected First national hospital, Third national hospital, National center of oncolgy, National center of traumatolgy. The questionnaire survey involved total of 175 doctors and pharmacists.ResultsThe study result have shown that most of health care profeesionals (76 – 80%) of first and tertiary level hospitals have known about legal bases and theie duties for the ADR reporting than health care professionals (69%) of secondary level hospitals. And, pharmacists more activily involve in ADR reporting than doctors. The main reasons of healthcare professionals ADR underreporting were lack of time to report, lack of awarness about ADR and not knowing importance of ADR repoting. The implementetion extent of ADR reporting was in tertiary level hospital better than in secondary level hospitals. Lacking of clinical pharmacists and clinical pharmacologists and unproper activitity of Drug therapeutic committee in secondary level hospitals were the reason of poor implementing and underreporting of ADR.ConclusionThe study result has shown that there is needed to encourage doctors to the adverse drug reporting activity and implementation of drug safety should be strengthen in each level of health care system.

Abstract To study adverse drug reactions registered in 2010-2012 in Mongolia. This study has descriptive design. 280 yellow forms for recording adverse drug reaction, which were registered by the Drug assurance department of the Department of Health-Implementing Agency of the Government, were used. Yellow forms were from 2010- 2012. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS 17.0. More than half of cases (51%) of drug adverse reaction were in people over 41 years old. Psychotropic medications and antibiotics were the most drugs with adverse reaction having 31.1% and 27.1% respectively. The common adverse reactions were dysfunctions of central nervous system (38.6%), skin rashes (22.5%), dysfunctions of digestive system (11.1%), allergic reactions (7.9%) and other symptoms (15.5%). In 4% of cases the symptoms were not described. Countries of production of medications causing drug reactions were Russia in 26.1%, China 13.2%, Моngolia 12.2%, India 11.4%, Indonesia 3.2% and other countries in 15.3%. In 18.6% the country was not recorded. In 18.9%, 16.4% and 9.6% of reactions were from tablets, intramuscular injections and drippings. The forms filled in by the patients in 31% did not have their names, and in 48% there were no records on reasons for taking medicines. Conclusion Psychotropic medications and antibiotics were the most drugs with adverse reaction. The common adverse reactions were dysfunctions of central nervous system, skin rashes and dysfunctions of digestive. Adverse drug reactions were identified insufficiently and forms for recording the adverse reactions were filled incompletely and incorrectly.

Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, leading to tissue and organ damage. Globally, over 19 million people are affected by sepsis each year, with approximately 6 million deaths, making it the third leading cause of mortality (25%). Identifying factors influencing patient outcomes in sepsis and septic shock is therefore of critical importance. Aim: To investigate the factors associated with outcomes in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Mongolia-Japan Hospital (MJH) with diagnoses of sepsis and septic shock. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on patients admitted to the ICU of MJH with sepsis or septic shock during 2023–2024. We analyzed patient data including pre-existing comorbidities, number of infection foci, presence of multiple organ dysfunction, and initial laboratory parameters to determine associations with patient outcomes. Results: Among 430 patients admitted to the ICU during the study period, 136 (31.6%) were diagnosed with sepsis or septic shock. Of these, 94 patients (69.1%) recovered and 42 (30.8%) died. No significant differences were found between survivor and non-survivor groups in terms of comorbidities, white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, mature granulocytes, C-reactive protein, or creatinine levels. However, multiple organ dysfunction (p<0.000), infection foci ≥2 (p<0.001), lactate ≥2 mmol/L (p<0.002), and platelet abnormalities (p<0.014) were significantly associated with mortality. The most common sources of infection were intra-abdominal infections (25.7%), pneumonia (25%), skin and soft tissue infections (22.5%), urinary tract infections (16.1%), abscesses (7.35%), tuberculosis (2.2%), and catheter-related bloodstream or neurologically-origin infections (0.73%). Conclusion Intra-abdominal infections and respiratory tract infections were the most common sources of sepsis among ICU patients. Multiple organ dysfunction, having two or more infection foci, elevated lactate levels (≥2 mmol/L), and platelet abnormalities were found to significantly increase the risk of mortality in patients with sepsis and septic shock.

Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a degenerative neuromuscular disease that causes progressive muscle weakness and atrophy due to the loss of the motor neurons. Approximately 95% of patients with SMA are homozygous for the deletion of SMN1 exon 7. With an incidence of 1/10.000 and a carrier frequency of 1/40 to 1/50, SMA is the most common genetic cause of death in infants. Purpose: To detect homozygous deletion of SMN1 exon 7 and to analyse the SMN1 copy number by molecular genetic analysis. Materials and Methods: In this study, 3 SMA patients with SMN1 gene homozygous deletion and 17 people of their relatives were included. Molecular genetic analysis was performed in the Central Scientific Research Laboratory of the Institute of Medical Sciences. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, and its purity was assessed by spectrophotometer. Homozygous deletion of SMN1 gene was analyzed with allele-specific PCR, and the SMN1 gene copy number was evaluated by real-time PCR. Results: Among the five participants diagnosed with SMA by clinical symptom and electromyographic test, three cases were found to have homozygous deletion of exon 7 of the SMN1 gene, while two cases did not exhibit such mutation by the allele specific PCR analysis.
The mean age of study participants was 27.76±16.07 (ranging from 8 months to 52 years). Six of the 7 relatives of the first proband had 1 copy number of SMN1 (0.75±0.29) or were carriers of SMA, while one had 3 copy numbers (2.99) or no deletion of SMN1 gene. Additionally, 6 of the 7 individuals of the second proband had 1 copy number of the SMN1 gene (0.72±0.14), and 1 person had 2 copy numbers. All 3 relatives of the third proband had 1 copy number of SMN1 gene (0.96±0.37). Conclusion We consider that determination of SMN1 gene homozygous deletion and carrier testing can be performed by the PCR method locally. Further, it is necessary to implement the molecular genetic testing method into practice and to study the requirements and needs of early detection of SMA in the newborn screening program of Mongolia.