Background Mongolia has been undergoing an epidemiological transition since 1990s. As a result, lifestyle and health behavior related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and injuries are growing steadily and have become the leading causes of population mortality. According to the Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of NCD Risk Factors (2009), the summary of combined NCD risk factors demonstrates that 1 in 5 (26.4%) Mongolian adults have three or more common modifiable NCD risk factors and consumption of alcohol in the past 30 days was reported by 38.6% of the population. Goal The goal of the survey was to determine the prevalence of alcohol consumption among Bugat soum population of Bulgan province. Materials and Methods The cross-sectional survey used a questionnaire of the WHO STEPS survey and adapted it to the local specifics. Alcohol consumption was assessed using the concept of “standard drinks”. A total of 201 randomly selected 15-64 year old residents of both sexes of Bugat soum were involved in the survey. The survey data was collected in September, 2011. The survey data was fully collected using small handled computers (PDAs). Results The survey respondents, 30.3% consisting of males (16.9%) and females (41.2%) were past 12 months abstainers. Of the alcohol users, 69.7% (males 83.1% and females 58.8%) reported drinking during the past 12 months and 47.3% were current drinkers or reported alcohol use during the past 30 days. In contrary, 60.9% of males and 36.8% of females were current drinkers or reported alcohol use during the past 30 days. In terms of the frequency of alcohol use by respondents reporting drinking in the past 12 months, 39.3% drank occasionally, 21.4% drank alcohol for 1-3 days a month, 2.5% drank 1-4 days a week, 4.5% drank 5-6 days a week, and 2.0% reported daily consumption of alcohol. Conclusions The survey results showed that current drinking or consumption of alcohol in the past 30 days was reported by 47.3% in herdsmen of Bugat soum. Of these 60.9% are men and 36.8% are women. As for the quantity of consumption, the current drinkers consumed 13.3 standard drinks for men and 5.0 for women. Frequency of alcohol drinking was higher in males compared to females. The prevalence of binge drinking was 2.5% in men and 0.4% in women, and binge drinking was 6 times more common in males compared to females.

Carbon monoxide comes up from the combustion of gas, wood and coal during the industrial processes and since it’s a tasteless, odorless, colorless gas it can be absorbed into body in a short time resulting acute intoxication.The result of planned inspection with laboratory analysis at Ore industrial workshops and fields located in Darkhan-Uul province conducted by Specialized Inspection Place in 2013 was higher than the permissible level which is indicated in Mongolian national standard of occupational hygiene MNS4990-2000 by 60.2 mg/m3 and was higher than the short time permissible exposing level which is indicated Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) of USA by 20 ppm, therefore we predicted that there is a pollution of carbon monoxide in present industry and conducted this study.For the determination of carbon monoxide exposure by workshops and departments, the average level of CO for workers was 17 mg/m3, maximum was 57.3 mg/m3, the average level was for dayworkers 44.9 mg/m3, for night workers it was 102mg/m3 and maximum was 427 mg/m3 in RIW. Identifying level of exposure by the type of workers, for servicemen were 96.2-427 mg/m3 for welders was 46.4 mg/m3 and mechanics was 140.5mg/m3 which were higher than others.Comparing the results of present study with the permissible level of Mongolian national standard of occupational hygiene MNS4990-2000, was higher by 50-120mg/m3 and with the 8 hours of time weighted average (TWA) of Occupational Safety and Hygiene Agency (OSHA), was higher by 20-80 ppm.

BACKGROUND:Our previous study has shown that the prevalence and structure of the neurohereditary diseaseswere different by provinces and some form of these diseases as “indigenous” in some isolatedpopulation. There are some scientific results of our researches–genetics about consanguineous,which is more potential factor of community is some area of Mongolia. All these circumstance isgiving to carry out this study.MATERIALS AND METHODS:We used descriptive epidemiological method for revealing hereditary neurological diseases in thepopulation of 6 provinces (aimags) of Mongolia: Dornogobi (Easth-gobi), Sukhbaatar, Gobisumber,Central aimag, Bulgan, and Darkhan-Uul. Total population of these provinces is 363072. Thenumber of population in 6 provinces was fluctuated in the range from 15.000 (Govisumber) to 88.875(Darkhan-Uul). Prevalence was accounted for 100.000 populations.RESULTS:The prevalence of neurohereditary diseases makes up 17.08 cases per 100.000 populations amongthese 6 provinces. 79% of these are hereditary neuromuscular diseases i.e 49 patients from 29families. Myotonic dystrophia and genetic neuropathies Charcot-Marie-Tooth have comparativehigh prevalence over test forms of disease.The high rate neurohereditary diseases was established in the population of Bulgan (35.80•10-5),Sukhbaatar (31.17•10-5), and Dornogobi (21.33•10-5) provinces. Their prevalence’s prevailed in the7-10 times over rates Darkhan-Uul, 3-5 times over rates of Gobisumber aimags.No neuromuscular forms of neurohereditary diseases i.e spastic paraplegia (11.3%) andspinocerebeller ataxia (9.68%) accounts for 21% among all forms of neurohereditary diseases.The prevalence of neuromuscular diseases in the population of these six provinces is two times highthen the average rate of the population of Russia (1980 years). First reason is may be associatedwith high predisposition of based on consanguineous through reproductive way in some of theseprovinces of Mongolia.

Background: Our previous study has shown that the prevalence and structure of the neurohereditary diseases were different by provinces and some form of these diseases as “indigenous” in some isolated population. There are some scientific results of our researches–genetics about consanguineous, which is more potential factor of community is some area of Mongolia. All these circumstance is giving to carry out this study.Materials and Methods: We used descriptive epidemiological method for revealing hereditary neurological diseases in the population of 6 provinces (aimags) of Mongolia: Dornogobi (Easthgobi), Sukhbaatar, Gobisumber, Central aimag, Bulgan, and Darkhan-Uul. Total population of these provinces is 363072. The number of population in 6 provinces was fluctuated in the range from 15.000 (Govisumber) to 88.875 (Darkhan-Uul). Prevalence was accounted for 100.000 populations.Results: The prevalence of neurohereditary diseases makes up 17.08 cases per 100.000 populations among these 6 provinces. 79% of these are hereditary neuromuscular diseases i.e. 49 patients from 29 families. Miltonic dystrophia and genetic neuropathies Charcot-Marie-Tooth have comparative high prevalence over test forms of disease.The high rate neurohereditary diseases was established in the population of Bulgan (35.80•10-5), Sukhbaatar (31.17•10-5), and Dornogobi (21.33•10-5) provinces. Their prevalence’s prevailed in the 7-10 times over rates Darkhan-Uul, 3-5 times over rates of Gobisumber aimags. No neuromuscular forms of neurohereditary diseases i.e spastic paraplegia (11.3%) and spinocerebeller ataxia (9.68%) accounts for 21% among all forms of neurohereditary diseases. The prevalence of neuromuscular diseases in the population of these six provinces is two times high then the average rate of the population of Russia (1980 years). First reason is may be associated with high predisposition of based on consanguineous through reproductive way in some of these provinces of Mongolia.

Goal: To determine schoolchildren’s growth and nutrition situationMaterials and MethodsThe descriptive and cross sectional study was carried out in 4 districts of Ulaanbaatar city (750 schoolchildren from each district) and 2 aimags (889 schoolchildren from Uvurkhangai and 925 from Dornod) of Mongolia. The study was conducted in two steps, Step 1 or beginning of school year covered totally 4760 schoolchildren and in end of school year totally 4108 schoolchildren. Data for the survey was collected by using questionnaire and clinical examintions and antropometric measurements. Weight of schoolchildren was used UNISCALE electrical scales with precision to 100g and height was used standard measurement with precision to 1mm. Schoolchildren’s growth was assessed by method “Sigma” and compared to the survey “Growth means of schoolchildren up to 16 years of Mongolia” (PHI, 2006). The nutritional status of schoolchildren were taken in accordance with the Z score calculated with relation to WHO average population anthropometric reference (WHO, 1995). Also determined current nutrition situation of surveyed schoolchildren by using 24 hours recall method and assessed. Nutrition assessment was used the standard indicators of Technical Committee, WHO [3, 7, 8].ResultsA total of 4760 (46.6% boys and 53.4% girls) school children were present beginning of the school year and 4108 (46.0% boys and 54% girls) of their were end of school year during the visit. Almost 60 of the total school children were from districts of UB beginning and end of school year. Beginning of the school year, 5.1 percent of total surveyed schoolchildren were assessed underweight and 14.1 percent is stunting, 1.7 percent is wasting and end of school year it was 4.7 percent underweight, 13.9 percent stunting and 1.2 percent wasting.71.7 percent of total respondents have breakfast sometimes, 83.2 of them have a lunch only one time per day, and 38.3 percent of total daily energy takes from dinner and have not any difference between age groups. Consumption of food products such as green vegetables, beef liver which are rich with vitamin A is inadequate. Example; among 7-10 years old 184.9 mcg, 11-14 years 247.2 mcg, above 15 years old was 241.6 mcg. Amount minerals such as calcium and phosphorium per day was among 7-10 years old 398.2mg and 756.1мг, 11-14 насанд кальци 277.8-301.5мг, фосфор 688.6-899.5мг, above 15 years old was calcium 366.4-378.3mg, phosphorium 875.3-978.8mg. Dairy consumption was analyzed by urban and rural areas among schoolchildren and it was among urban schoolchildren is more by 16.6-21.4 percent from rural areas.Conclusion:1. The progress made improving gradually the nutritional status of schoolchildren from previous study. The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting is “low” level among schoolchildren by WHO. There is statistically significant lower nutritional status among schoolchildren in rural area than in urban.2. Micronutrient deficiency is main reason of undernutrition among schoolchildren. In other words, the vitamins (C, A, D), and minerals (Ca, Fe) which are essential for schoolchildren growth and fiber is insufficient in their food. The consumption of diary is inadequate among schoolchildren of rural area compared to urban.3. Consumption of fruits and vegetables and diary products is inadeguate among total surveyed schoolchildren especially in rural area.

Introduction: An international study coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and published today in The Lancet Oncology shows that in 2001–2010, childhood cancer was 13% more common than in the 1980s, reaching an annual incidence rate of 140 per million children aged 0–14 years worldwide. Cancer incidence and mortality statistics reported by International Cancer Research Center (2016), over 300,000 children develop cancer worldwide each year, 215000 children aged 0-14 years and 85000 children aged 15-19 years. Internationally comparable data on childhood cancer incidence in the past two decades are scarce. Based on the need for comparison of childhood cancer incidence in Mongolia to the global level, the study aimed to categorize cancer among children aged 0-19 years. Goal: To study the insidence rates and trend from childhood cancer last 10 year in Mongolia Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 786 new cases childhood who were cancer diagnosed, between 2008 and 2017 year. Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated by the direct method using age-specific incidence rates and weights based on the age distribution of the standard world population Results: Over the past 10 years, childhood cancer accounted for 1.5% of total cancer in Mongolia. By WHO and IARC data, worldwide childhood cancer age standardized rate (ASR) is 106.0, in Mongolia childhood cancer ASR (101.6) is lower than world average. The most common childhood cancers worldwide are: 1st leukemia, 2nd lymphoma, 3rd central nervous system cancer, 4th retinoblastoma, 5th soft tissue cancer. Over the past 10 years the most common childhood cancers in Mongolia are: 1st leukemia, 2nd central nervous system cancer, 3rd joint bone cancer, 4th lymphoma, 5th soft tissue cancer. Our country’s childhood cancer ASR is below compared to other countries, but expected growth rate is gradually increasing (3.0 per year). Conclusions
1. Leukemia is the most common childhood cancer in worldwide and also in Mongolia.
2. By sex, childhood cancer incidence is higher in boys than girls.
3. By age group, childhood cancer incidence is the highest in 0-4 age group.
4. By region, childhood cancer incidence is the highest in central region.
5. The overall incidence of childhood cancer (1 million children) in Mongolia is expected to increase by 3.0 over the next 5 years.

Backgroundв Previous the prevalence of myotonic dystrophy was identified very rare, because of the poor diagnostics. In fact, due to getting high quality of diagnostical equipments the disease is determined very common among people in the world. According to some researchers’s statistical data during 1980-1990 years, the prevalence was 1.1 in England, 2.4 in South Ireland, 5.0 in Switzerland per 100.000 population.Goal. The study was aimed to establish the prevalence of myotonic dystrophy in MongoliaMethod. In this study which is a part of a general epidemiological study of some hereditary neurological diseases in Mongolia since 1997, authors established the prevalence of myotonic dystrophy among 1.7 million population from 14 aimags and the capital city Ulaanbaatar during the period from 1997 to 2010.Results. The prevalence by aimags was ranged from 0.0 to 27.06 per 100.000 population. The average nationwide prevalence is 5.63 per 100.000. Several aimags, especially Gobi-Altai, Orkhon and Khuvsgul are high prevalence with over 3-5 times the average. But in Dornod, Bayan-Ulgii, Dundgobi, Zavkhan, Uvurkhangai, Khentii aimags didn’t have a case of myotonic dystrophy in their population. The rest of aimags have a prevalence from 2.45 (Uvs) to 5.0 (Ulaanbaatar) per 100.000 population.Conclusion1. The relatively high prevalence of myotonic dystrophy was determined among the Mongolian population, especially in Gobi-Altai, Orkhon and Khuvsgul aimags with over 3-5 times the average. 2. The disease is spreading through reproductive way in some isolated populations. There is also a trend of increasing incidence of the disease in urban areas apparently through mechanic way rural to urban migration. 3. The study concludes that there is a need of more intensive response to fight and prevent this disease through upgrading to the modern neurological and genetic diagnostics of the disease, and their regular and sustainable application. Consequently, there is also should be need to create and improve clinical and genetic counseling for patients with this disease.

Background. The prevalence of hereditary spastic paraplegia or Shtrumpel disease is very various in studied countries of the world. It fluctuated between 0.43 (Bulgaria) and 72.4 (South African Republic) per 100’000 population.Method. In this study which is a part of a general epidemiological study of some hereditary neurological diseases in Mongolia since 1997, authors established the prevalence of myotonic dystrophy among 1.7 million population from 14 aimags and the capital city Ulaanbaatar during the period from 1997 to 2010.Goal. The study aimed to establish the prevalence of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) in Mongolia.Material and Method. This study is part of a general study of the epidemiology of hereditary neurological diseases in population of 14 aimags (provinces) and the capital city Ulaanbaatar (the total population covered by the study was 1’738’000) which is being carried out since 1997. The sizes of population in aimags and the city ranged from 47,800 (Southgobi) to 605,292 (Ulaanbaatar). This study report extrapolates the prevalence nationwide. Diagnosis was established by mainly clinical characteristicsResult. Study revealed 47 patients from 15 families. The prevalence of HSP by aimags was established from 0 to 13.48 per 100’000 population (Uvs aimag). The average nationwide prevalence (1’700’000 above) was established at 2.70/100’000. There are revealed 9 cases (19.1%) in ages of 0 and 14, 6 cases (12.8%) in ages of 14-19, 27 cases (57.5%) in ages of 20- 49 and 5 cases (10.6%) in age above 50.Conclusion1. By prevalence of HSP Mongolia belongs to countries with average prevalence. But the prevalence rates differ by aimags. Patients with HSP in Ulaanbaatar (11 cases) were covered by molecule-genetic analysis by types of the disease, revealing occurrences of II and IV subtypes. 2. Of all patients, 90% are below 50 years of age pointing to the early morbidity with this disease in the context of their early mortality. The situation reveals the need of further moleculegenetic and clinical studies of the types of this disease and of improvement of clinical and genetic counseling of HSP patients.

Stigmatization and discrimination against mental patients and their family members due to typical community misunderstanding about mental diseases are commonly occurred among population. Particularly, discrimination against alcoholic patients and stigmatization against theirfamily members are most common among Mongolian people, because prevalence of alcohol dependence problems is increased 2 times more in last decades. Our aim was to define current situation of stigmatization and discrimination against alcoholic patients. This survey has been conducted among total 90 inpatients with alcoholic problem, are have staying in National Center for Mental Health and Narcology Center. We conducted the study by descriptive and crossectional design.Totally 90 alcohol patients, aged 19-61 years were participated in our survey. 67 (74.4%) of them were male and 23(25.5%) were female and average age was 40.1±1.1. Level of job’s discriminationwas growingrelated to increasing the level of alcohol consumption (p<0.0016)and level of family’s stigma was growing related to increasing the level of alcohol dependence (p<0.0001). Most of patients (n=29), who are divorced from their couples were answering that main reason of their divorcing was alcohol problem and bad interfamily relationship.Furthermore, stigmatization and discrimination increasing due to increasing level of alcohol consumption (p<0.0001).Most of participants (60%; n=54) are answered, that stigma and discrimination against them were occurring from their family.

Asbestos is a human carcinogen, and prohibited to use in 55 countries. Thermal power plants, construction industries, locomotive repair shops and analytical laboratories in Mongolia use asbestos as thermal insulation material. This study investigated exposure to airborne asbestos in workplaces. Total of 85 air sampleswere collected from thermal power plants (n=4), locomotive repairshop (n=1), construction renovation workplace (n=1), construction material shop (n=1) and analytical laboratory (n=1).The air samples were collected and analyzed by NIOSH 7400 and 7402 standard analytical methods. The average of airborne asbestos concentration (0.72f/cm3) in the workplaces was 7.2 times higher than the occupational exposure limit (0.1f/cm3). Exposure to airborne asbestos was exceeded in insulation workplaces of the thermal power plants and locomotive repairshop.Airborne asbestos was detected from construction renovation worksite, construction material shop and analytical laboratory, but did not exceeded the occupational exposure level.