Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than a million cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are registered in the world every day. Our country is among the countries with a concentrated spread of HIV infection among the population at risk According to the WHO classification. Although Mongolia is one of the countries with a low prevalence of HIV/AIDS, it is considered to a country with a high risk of STD caused from the location in the middle of the two countries where the HIV infection is spreading as fastest, thus it is important to study. Purpose: The aim is to study the epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in the population of Ulaanbaatar. Material and Method: The study was conducted using a single-moment descriptive research design. The following information was obtained from the statistics of the Health Development Center. Including as following:
• Annual indicators of the disease: Statistical data of sexually transmitted diseases between 2017- 2021 (Ulaanbaatar city)
• Annual indicators of the disease: 2017-2021 statistical data on the state of sexually transmitted diseases (city average and provincial average) Result: Considering the prevalence rate of sexually transmitted infections per 10,000 population by age group, as of 2017-2021, the population aged 20-39 had the highest rate of infection with 9.4-154.2 cases, and in 2018, the population aged 30-39 had 146.2 cases was the highest. In terms of the source of infection, 83.1 percent of the total cases in 2017-2021 were sexually transmitted.
Comparing the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in the population of Ulaanbaatar by location and the number of cases per 10,000 population, as of 2017-2021, Bagakhangai district had more cases in 2017 and 2019, and Sukhbaatar district had 221.4 cases in 2018, which was the highest in the 5-year period, Nalaikh district recorded 64.7 cases in 2020 and 48.4 in 2021, which was the district with the highest number of cases in these years.
In terms of education, people with secondary education or below accounted for 94.1 percent of all cases in the 5-year average.
About the marriage status, 35.9 percent of all cases registered in 2017 were never married, and 53.5 percent were married. As of 2018-2021, there has been no significant increase or decrease in this indicator. Conclusion
1. During 2017-2021, the cases of sexually transmitted infections (syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis) per 10,000 population was in 2018, the incidence of infection decreased by 2.7 cases, in 2019 it increased by 7 cases, and in 2020 it decreased by 2.2 cases, in 2021, it decreased by 18.3 cases from the previous year, and it is believed that sexually transmitted diseases are expected to decrease in the future.
2. The average rate of syphilis infection (2017-2021) per 10,000 population in Ulaanbaatar was 4.4 cases higher than the average of the provinces, the average of 4.1 cases of gonorrhea infection is likely to increase, and the average of trichomoniasis was 13.4 cases or was equal to average of the provinces and Ulaanbaatar. The problem affecting the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases is related to the level of education of the citizens. 9 out of 10 people have completed secondary education or less.

Within the spectrum of diagnostic procedures in hepatology, the procurement of a liver specimen plays an important role. The method has been diversifi ed to encompass not only different needle types for cutting and aspiration but also different routes proceeding transvenously or transcutaneously. Over the subsequent 50 years the technique of obtaining liver biopsy samples has been modifi ed regarding the approach, the needle type, and the combination with diagnostic imaging techniques such as ultrasound, computed tomography, angiography and laparoscopy. Histological analyses are capable of establishing the etiology of a chronic or acute liver disease, are determined the inflammatory activity (Grading), degree of fi brosis/cirrhosis (Staging), are relevant for the prognosis of the patient and for indication for cost-intensive as well as potentially side are effect-prone therapies. In general, the accepted mortality rate from liver biopsy is between 0,1% and 0,01%. Among the most feared complications of liver biopsies are hemorrhage, seeding of cancer cells, infections, and injury to the viscera. The increasing number of liver transplant patients within the hepatological spectrum requires regular, safe, and high quality biopsies and their appropriate.

Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are the most common cause of genital ulceration in humans worldwide. Typically, HSV-1 and 2 infections via mucosal route result in a lifelong latent infection after peripheral replication in mucosal tissues, thereby providing potential transmission to neighbor hosts in response to reactivation. To break the transmission cycle, immunoprophylactics and therapeutic strategies must be focused on prevention of infection or reduction of infectivity at mucosal sites. Currently, our understanding of the immune responses against mucosal infection of HSV remains intricate and involves a balance between innate signaling pathways and the adaptive immune responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated that HSV mucosal infection induces type I interferons (IFN) via recognition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activates multiple immune cell populations, including NK cells, conventional dendritic cells (DCs), and plasmacytoid DCs. This innate immune response is required not only for the early control of viral replication at mucosal sites, but also for establishing adaptive immune responses against HSV antigens. Although the contribution of humoral immune response is controversial, CD4+ Th1 T cells producing IFN-gamma are believed to play an important role in eradicating virus from the hosts. In addition, the recent experimental successes of immunoprophylactic and therapeutic compounds that enhance resistance and/or reduce viral burden at mucosal sites have accumulated. This review focuses on attempts to modulate innate and adaptive immunity against HSV mucosal infection for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. Notably, cells involved in innate immune regulations appear to shape adaptive immune responses. Thus, we summarized the current evidence of various immune mediators in response to mucosal HSV infection, focusing on the importance of innate immune responses.
Adaptive Immunity* ; Dendritic Cells ; Herpesvirus 1, Human ; Humans ; Immunity, Humoral ; Immunity, Innate ; Interferon Type I ; Killer Cells, Natural ; Mucous Membrane ; Simplexvirus* ; Social Control, Formal ; T-Lymphocytes ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Ulcer ; Viral Load

Besides their role as building blocks of protein, there are growing evidences that some amino acids have roles in regulating key metabolic pathways that are necessary for maintenance, growth, reproduction, and immunity. Here, we evaluated the modulatory functions of several amino acids in protective immunity against mucosal infection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). We found that glutamine (Gln) and leucine (Leu) showed enhanced protective immunity to HSV-1 mucosal infection when two administration of Gln and single administration of Leu per day, but not when administered in combinations. Ameliorated clinical signs of HSV-1 challenged mice by the intraperitoneal administration of Gln and Leu were closely associated with viral burden and IFN-gamma production in the vaginal tract at 2 and 4 days post-infection. In addition, the enhanced production of vaginal IFN-gamma appeared to be caused by NK and HSV-1 antigen-specific Th1-type CD4+ T cells recruited into vaginal tract of mice treated with Gln and Leu, which indicates that IFN-gamma, produced by NK and Th1-type CD4+ T cells, may be critical to control the outcome of diseases caused by HSV-1 mucosal infection. Collectively, our results indicate that intraperitoneal administration of Gln and Leu following HSV-1 mucosal infection could provide beneficial effects for the modulation of protective immunity, but dosage and frequency of administration should be carefully considered, because higher frequency and overdose of Gln and Leu, or their combined treatment, showed detrimental effects to protective immunity.
Amino Acids ; Animals ; Glutamine ; Herpes Simplex ; Herpesvirus 1, Human ; Leucine ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Methylmethacrylates ; Mice ; Polystyrenes ; Reproduction ; Simplexvirus ; T-Lymphocytes ; Viral Load

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) has been known to induce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production and promote Th1 immunity. Although mammalian IL-18 has been characterized in great detail, the properties and application of chicken IL-18 remain largely uninvestigated as of yet. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory properties of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chicken interleukin-18 (chIL-18) on immune responses induced by avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines. After oral administration of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chIL-18, chickens were vaccinated intramuscularly with the recommended dose of either inactivated AI H9N2 vaccine or ND (B1 strain) vaccine. Chickens receiving a primary vaccination were boosted using the same protocol 7 days later. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were evaluated in terms of HI antibody titers and proliferation and mRNA expression of IFN-gamma and IL-4 of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in response to specific antigen stimulation. According to our results, oral administration of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chIL-18 induced enhanced humoral and Th1-biased cell-mediated immunity against AI and ND vaccines, compared to that of chickens received S. enterica serovar Typhimurium harboring empty vector. Therefore, we conclude that our proposed vaccination regimen using inactivated AI and ND viruses along with oral administration of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing chIL-18 may provide a novel approach in protecting chicken from currently circulating AI and ND virus strains.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Chickens ; Immunity, Cellular ; Influenza in Birds ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin-18 ; Interleukin-4 ; Newcastle Disease ; RNA, Messenger ; Salmonella ; Salmonella enterica ; Vaccination ; Vaccines ; Viruses

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: College students are in transition from adolescence to adulthood, and it has been reported that they show poor dietary habits. This study was conducted to compare body image perception, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, dietary habits, and health-related lifestyles between Korean college students (KCS) and Mongolian college students (MCS). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Subjects were 314 KCS and 280 MCS. The data includes results of self-administered questionnaires; statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 23.0 program. RESULTS: With regards to body image perception, KCS perceived themselves to be fatter on current body image than ideal body image compared to MCS; 64.0% of KCS and 34.6% of MCS desired to be thinner. Total score of nutrition knowledge in KCS (17.0) was significantly higher compared to MCS (8.4) (P < 0.001), but total score of dietary attitudes in KCS (27.0) was significantly lower compared to MCS (31.2) (P < 0.001). Nutrition knowledge had a significantly positive correlation with dietary attitudes in MCS (P < 0.01). Meal consumption among male and female subjects was 2 and 3 times, respectively, in order in KCS, and 3 and 2 times, respectively, in order in MCS (P < 0.001). Rate of skipping breakfast in both genders was significantly higher in KCS than in MCS (male: P < 0.05, female: P < 0.001). In health-related lifestyles, KCS had a significantly higher rate in frequency of alcohol drinking (P < 0.001), exercise (P < 0.01), and mobile phone usage (P < 0.001), compared to MCS. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that development of nutrition education program which is effective and proper is required to improve healthy dietary habits among college students of both countries. Essential contents should include acquirement of nutrition knowledge and a motivation for its application to actual life for KCS, and improvement of healthy dietary habits for MCS.
Adolescent ; Alcohol Drinking ; Body Image* ; Breakfast ; Cell Phones ; Education ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Style ; Male ; Meals ; Mongolia ; Motivation

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common causative agent of genital ulceration and can lead to subsequent neurological disease in some cases. Here, using a genital infection model, we tested the efficacy of vinegar-processed flos of Daphne genkwa (vp-genkwa) to modulate vaginal inflammation caused by HSV-1 infection. Our data revealed that treatment with optimal doses of vp-genkwa after, but not before, HSV-1 infection provided enhanced resistance against HSV-1 infection, as corroborated by reduced mortality and clinical signs. Consistent with these results, treatment with vp-genkwa after HSV-1 infection reduced viral replication in the vaginal tract. Furthermore, somewhat intriguingly, treatment of vp-genkwa after HSV-1 infection increased the frequency and absolute number of CD3-NK1.1+NKp46+ natural killer (NK) cells producing interferon (IFN)-gamma and granyzme B, which indicates that vp-genkwa treatment induces the activation of NK cells. Supportively, secreted IFN-gamma was detected at an increased level in vaginal lavages of mice treated with vp-genkwa after HSV-1 infection. These results indicate that enhanced resistance to HSV-1 infection by treatment with vp-genkwa is associated with NK cell activation. Therefore, our data provide a valuable insight into the use of vp-genkwa to control clinical severity in HSV infection through NK cell activation.
Animals ; Daphne* ; Herpesvirus 1, Human ; Inflammation ; Interferons ; Killer Cells, Natural* ; Mice ; Mortality ; Simplexvirus ; Therapeutic Irrigation ; Ulcer

Asthma is one of the most common and chronic diseases characterized by multidimensional immune responses along with poor prognosis and severity. The heterogeneous nature of asthma may be attributed to a complex interplay between risk factors (either intrinsic or extrinsic) and specific pathogens such as respiratory viruses, and even bacteria. The intrinsic risk factors are highly correlated with asthma exacerbation in host, which may be mediated via genetic polymorphisms, enhanced airway epithelial lysis, apoptosis, and exaggerated viral replication in infected cells, resulting in reduced innate immune response and concomitant reduction of interferon (types I, II, and III) synthesis. The canonical features of allergic asthma include strong Th2-related inflammation, sensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), eosinophilia, enhanced levels of Th2 cytokines, goblet cell hyperplasia, airway hyper-responsiveness, and airway remodeling. However, the NSAID-resistant non-Th2 asthma shows a characteristic neutrophilic influx, Th1/Th17 or even mixed (Th17-Th2) immune response and concurrent cytokine streams. Moreover, inhaled corticosteroid-resistant asthma may be associated with multifactorial innate and adaptive responses. In this review, we will discuss the findings of various in vivo and ex vivo models to establish the critical heterogenic asthmatic etiologies, host-pathogen relationships, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and subsequent mechanisms underlying asthma exacerbation triggered by respiratory viral infections.
Adaptive Immunity ; Airway Remodeling ; Apoptosis ; Asthma ; Bacteria ; Chronic Disease ; Cytokines ; Eosinophilia ; Goblet Cells ; Hyperplasia ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammation ; Interferons ; Neutrophils ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Prognosis ; Respiratory Hypersensitivity ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Risk Factors ; Rivers

Background: Treatment of adult tibiofibular fractures, especially severely comminuted fractures, is technically challenging due to the lack of reduction markers and difficulty in restoring the alignment. Fixation of the fibula can facilitate reduction of the tibia fracture and restoration of the lower extremity alignment. Methods: Between 2018-2019 we have operated on 50 patients who have lie on the same plane of tibiafibular fractures. Measures of angulation were obtained from radiographs taken immediately after the surgery, a second time 3 months later, and at 3-month follow-up. The analysis was performed with STATA. Results: Fixating fractures of tibia and fibula at same level were not shown to have complications on the development of nonunion including fibular shortening, hindfoot alignment, slow process of nonunion and unstableness. Conclusions We recommend fibular fixation in all 50 distal fractures when both fractures lie on the same plane and the tibial fracture is relatively stabilized.