BACKGROUND: Loss of skin elasticity due to redundancy of the upper eyelid (dermatochalasis) and falling of the upper eyelid border to a lower position (blepharoptosis) are often the earliest signs of facial aging. Upper eyelid blepharoplasty is an effective procedure to establish a good eyelid position, and is the most common facial cosmetic procedure [1]. When performing upper eyelid blepharoplasty, eyelid symmetry is essential for a satisfactory surgical outcome. Even if not possible, every surgeon tries to achieve complete symmetry when performing aesthetic eyelid surgery [2]. Several previous studies by surgeons with > 10 years of experience reported how preoperative incision markings should be made to achieve satisfactory surgical outcomes and excellent surgical results for upper eyelid blepharoplasty [3-7]. However, none of these studies investigated naturally occurring asymmetry when applying a preoperative design for upper blepharoplasty incision markings. During the preoperative design step, we noticed certain asymmetric tendencies. We therefore characterised these differences to ensure a more effective preoperative design for upper blepharoplasty incision markings for both eyelids. METHODS: This retrospective study examined 22 patients who underwent bilateral upper blepharoplasty surgery resulting from senile dermatochalasis and/or blepharoptosis. The initial preoperative incision design markings were drawn with the patient sitting upright. Then, with the patient in a supine position, preoperative design photographs were taken. We measured medial canthal excision angle (MCA), maximal lid excision height (MLH), maximal lid excision width (MLW), peak point angle, and peak point distance and compared measurements between both upper eyelids designs using Image J software. RESULTS: The mean MCA for the right side (30.68 ± 10.16°) was significantly different to that for the left side (35.39 ± 13.82°; p < 0.001). The mean MLH for the right side (1.17 ± 0.24 cm) was significantly different to that for the left side (1.24 ± 0.25 cm; p = 0.002). The mean MLW for the right side (0.72 ± 0.19 cm) was significantly different to that for the left side (0.77 ± 0.21 cm; p = 0.011). The mean peak point angle for the right side (15.67 ± 5.09°) was significantly different to that for the left side (18.11 ± 5.49°; p = 0.001). The mean peak point distance for the right side (2.41 ± 0.31°) was significantly different to that for the left side (2.22 ± 0.28 cm; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In upper blepharoplasty, the preoperative incision marking design measurements of the left side were significantly greater than those of the right side. The symmetry can therefore be maximised by including the asymmetries in the preoperative design.

BACKGROUND. Head and neck cancers are related group of cancers that involve the oral cavity, pharynx (oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx), and larynx. Early-stage tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract can be cured; for late-stage disease, prognosis is poor. Nowadays microvascular free tissue transfer surgery performed at high level. Worldwide, this particular kind of operation in head and neck surgical field has become “golden standard” of treatment. Seemingly, plastic and reconstructive surgeons of developed countries widely perform forearm free flap, anteriolateral thigh free flap, fibula free flap, rectus abdominal free flap, latissimusdorsi free flap. We purpose to report our first 121 cases of Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer which had been performed at the head and neck surgical department, NCC of Mongolia. METHODS. The clinical records of first 121 cases patients who had microvascular reconstruction done between 2011 and 2017 were reviewed. The indications for surgery, choice of flap, duration of surgery and flap survival were noted. RESULTS. Our study were performed on 121 cases, among them 84.3% flaps were survived, most of defects occurred following cancer resection. Anterolateral thigh and radial forearm flaps were performed commonly for our reconstruction surgery. CONCLUSION. 84.3% free flap recorded success rate indicates our early experiences. Although the National Medical University do not have postgraduate reconstructive and plastic surgical training, we believe that meticulous planning, careful vessel selection, close flap monitoring as well as improved infrastructural support can lead us to much better success rates of microvascular reconstruction in our country.

Background: Osteoporotic fractures remain a major concern for public health and the economy. Osteoporosis is a chronic disease characterized by reduced bone density due to genetic, hormonal, mineral, and lifestyle factors. Although often asymptomatic, its primary complication is fractures, which lead to disability and loss of work capacity, impacting individuals, families, and society. In Mongolia, no long-term study has examined bone density changes and fracture risk factors, which forms the basis of this research. Aim: To assess 10-year changes in bone density and identify risk factors for fractures. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biomedicine, MNUMS. We have re-enrolled 133 adults from Ulaanbaatar between November 2023 and January 2024, originally part of the ‘Study of some risk and pathophysiological factors of osteoporosis in the Mongolian population’ funded by the Ministry of Health and the Science and Technology Fund of Mongolia. Data collection included questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, bone mineral density assessments using the ‘Sunlight Mini-Omni’ bone sonometer (Beammed, USA) Results: The mean age of participants was 54.4±9.6 years (N=133), with 33.1% (n=44) male and 66.9% (n=89) female. Among the participants, 51.1% had a history of bone fractures, with forearm fractures comprising 10.5% and other types of fractures accounting for 40.7%. The bone fractures was significantly higher among elderly individuals and those diagnosed with osteoporosis (p<0.05). The T-score was significantly lower in the fracture group than in the non-fracture group (p<0.05). Vitamin D deficiency was identified as a significant risk factor for fractures (p<0.05). Conclusion All participants’ bone density has decreased over the decade. Bone fractures are more common in elderly and people with osteoporosis. Inadequate vitamin D intake is a significant risk factor for bone fractures.