Animals ; Chronic Disease ; Endotoxemia ; blood ; etiology ; Endotoxins ; blood ; Escherichia coli ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; blood ; complications ; Liver Diseases ; blood ; complications

To study the difference of changes on apoptosis, necrosis and respiratory burst of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in endotoxemia rat model. LPS (O(55)B(5), 5 mg/kg) was injected into abdominal cavity of 20 random normal Wistar rat. 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours after injection, the changes of apoptosis, necrosis and respiratory burst of the rats between PMN from the peripheral blood and from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were observed using the flow cytometer. At the same time, 5 uninjected rats were taken as control. The results demonstrated that the quantity proportions of apoptosis of PMN between the peripheral blood PMN and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid PMN in rat's endotoxemia were similar. However, comparison with the uninjected LPS rat, the necrosis of peripheral blood PMN obviously increased and the respiratory burst capacity was clearly inhibited. Contrarily, the necrosis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid PMN obviously decreased and the respiratory burst obviously increased in the injecting LPS rat. It was concluded that the necrosis and apoptosis displayed differently between the pulmonary and peripheral blood PMNs in endotoxemia. Under state of inflammation, the surviving PMN in tissue increased and kept the activated state due to tissue injury.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; cytology ; Endotoxemia ; blood ; Necrosis ; Neutrophils ; physiology ; Pulmonary Alveoli ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Respiratory Burst

In this paper, the adsorbent properties of Polymyxin B immobilized polystyrene microbeads to remove endotoxin from plasma were studied and the factors that affected the absorption of endotoxin were discussed. The rat models of endotoxemia were established, which were used in hemoperfusion. The experiment results indicated that the novel affinity adsorbent could remove endotoxin from plasma effectively. Moreover, the results also showed that Polymyxin B immobilized polystyrene microbeads was a fine biomaterial of hemoperfusion as well as exhibited a satisfactory blood compatibility.
Adsorption ; Animals ; Endotoxemia ; blood ; therapy ; Endotoxins ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Hemoperfusion ; methods ; Polymyxin B ; Polystyrenes ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of stimulation of intact vagus nerve (IVNS) on systemic inflammatory response in rats.

METHODSThe model of systemic inflammatory response was reproduced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). One hundred Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into A group (with intravenous injection of LPS), B group (with stimulation of efferent nerve trunk of vagus nerve after intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide and vagotomy), C group (with stimulation of intact vagus nerve after intravenous injection of LPS), D group (with vagus nerve stimulation after injection of equivalent isotonic saline), E group (with intravenous injection of equivalent isotonic saline), with 20 rats in each group. Five rats of each group were used to determine mean aortic pressure (MAP) before injection and l0 min, 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 6 h after injection. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interleukin (IL) 10 were determined with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay before injection and 2, 4 and 6 hour after injection.

RESULTSThe level of MAP rose in A, B, C groups at 10 min after injection, especially in A group (134.40 +/- 7.3 mm Hg, l mm Hg = 0.033 kPa, P < 0.05), but it dropped in above groups at 30 min after injection. The level of MAP in A group was obviously lower than that in B, C groups during 10 min -6 h after injection. The serum level of TNF-alpha in A group was significantly higher than that in B, C groups at 2, 4, 6 hours after injection (P < 0.05). Compared with that in C group, the serum level of IL-10 in A, B groups lowered markedly at 4, 6 hours after injection (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONIVNS can stabilize hemodynamics and exert have anti-inflammatory effects at early stage of systemic inflammatory response.

Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Endotoxemia ; blood ; therapy ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood ; Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Endotoxemia ; blood ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Humans ; Lipopolysaccharide Receptors ; blood ; Lipopolysaccharides ; blood ; Phytotherapy ; Shock, Septic ; blood ; drug therapy ; immunology

To investigate the changes and role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in myocardial damage in endotoxemic rats, a rat model of endotoxemia induced by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was developed. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control group, LPS group, LPS + propargylglycine (PPG, a metabolic enzyme inhibitor of H2S) group and LPS + NaHS (H2S donor) group. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) of rats within 4 h was observed, TNF-alpha and H2S contents in plasma, TNF-alpha and H2S contents, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in cardiac muscles were determined. The morphological structure of cardiac muscle was observed. Administration of LPS caused a sustained fall in MAP within 4 h, and significant increases in TNF-alpha and H2S contents in plasma (P<0.05). Plasmic H2S content was negatively correlated with MAP (r = -0.936, -0.913 and -0.908 at 1, 2 and 4 h, respectively, P<0.05). LPS also induced increases in TNF-alpha and H2S contents, LDH and MPO activity in cardiac muscles and myocardial damage. Treatment with PPG reduced the increases in TNF-alpha and H2S contents in plasma, TNF-alpha and H2S contents, LDH and MPO activity in cardiac muscles, ameliorated the hypotensive effect and myocardial damage caused by LPS administration (P<0.05). However, treatment with NaHS increased TNF-alpha and H2S contents in plasma, TNF-alpha and H2S contents, LDH and MPO activity in cardiac muscles, and aggravated the hypotensive action and tissue injuries caused by LPS administration (P<0.05). It is suggested that hypotension and myocardial damage in endotoxemic rats are partly induced by increase in H2S content.
Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Endotoxemia ; metabolism ; pathology ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; blood ; Lipopolysaccharides ; toxicity ; Male ; Myocardium ; chemistry ; pathology ; Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

Adult ; Aged ; Endotoxemia ; Endotoxins ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation Mediators ; blood ; Liver Diseases ; blood ; therapy ; Liver, Artificial ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Plasma Exchange ; Serum ; chemistry ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes in the plasma levels of endotoxin in severe burn patients during administration of antibiotics.

METHODSFifty severe burn patients with burn area larger than 30% TBSA were enrolled in the study, and they were respectively treated with Netilmicin (A group), Cefoperazone (B group), Ceftazidime (C group) and Imipenem/Cilastatin (D group). Venous blood samples were harvested for determination of endotoxins levels before treatment and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 post-treatment day (PTD).

RESULTSThe plasma levels of endotoxin were elevated in different degrees in A, B and C groups. The plasma levels of endotoxin in B group were higher on 1, 2 PTD than on 3, 5, 7 PTD, and they were also higher than that in D group (P < 0.05). The plasma levels of endotoxin in C group reached the peak on 5 PTD [(0.398 +/- 0.172) EU/mL], which were higher than that before treatment [(0.251 +/- 0.142) EU/mL, P < 0.05] and other groups (P < 0.05). The plasma levels of endotoxin in D group were lower on 1, 2 PTD than that before treatment (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONDifferent amounts of endotoxins can be released after treatment with antibiotics in severe burn patients. Attention should be paid to the effect of antibiotics on the levels of endotoxin in practice.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Burns ; blood ; drug therapy ; Endotoxemia ; etiology ; Endotoxins ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Plasma ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study whether previously intravenous injection of anisodamine can prevent endotoxemia of heat stroke of rats.

METHODSExperimental animals were randomly divided into two groups, their average artery pressure, heart rate, survival time, survival rate and rectal temperature were measured at an environmental temperature of 38 degrees C-40 degrees C and 50%-60% retative humidity. Blood samples for endotoxins analyses were taken both before and after heat-stress.

RESULTSDuring heat stress, the animals of rectal temperature of the experimental and control groups continuously increased and two hours later, separately to (42.7 +/- 0.6) degree C and (43.1 +/- 0.5) degree C, without statistic difference(P > 0.05), and to (44.6 +/- 0.4) degree C and (44.2 +/- 0.3) degree C prior to death, with statistic difference(P < 0.05). Before the experiment, the contents of endotoxins of portal vein blood were (45.7 +/- 5.2) pg/ml and (42.6 +/- 5.4) pg/ml, and that of systemic blood was (14.8 +/- 4.5) pg/ml and (13.9 +/- 7.2) pg/ml, without statistic difference(P > 0.05). Two hours later, the contents of portal vein blood separately increased to (122.2 +/- 16.7) pg/ml and (49.7 +/- 10.2) pg/ml, obviously higher than that before heat-stress(P < 0.01). And there were clear statistic difference between the two groups(P < 0.01). The changing tendency of the heart rhythm is almost the same in two groups, that is, first rose and then fell. But it is without statistic difference before and two hours later(P > 0.05): before heat-stress, the average artery pressures were (13.3 +/- 0.6) kPa and (13.6 +/- 0.5) kPa, without statistic difference(P > 0.05), and two hours later, were (9.6 +/- 0.5) kPa and (8.6 +/- 0.6) kPa, with obvious statistic difference(P < 0.01). The survival time of the animals were (166.5 +/- 16.9) min and (144.5 +/- 18.2) min with obvious statistic difference(P < 0.01), the survival rate of heat stressed rats in the experimental group were obviously higher than control group(P < 0.01 or P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSAnisodamine can prevent endotoxemia in rats suffering heat stroke.

Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Body Temperature ; Endotoxemia ; prevention & control ; Endotoxins ; blood ; Heat Stress Disorders ; drug therapy ; mortality ; physiopathology ; Hot Temperature ; Rats ; Solanaceous Alkaloids ; therapeutic use ; Survival Rate

Animals ; Cytokines ; blood ; Endotoxemia ; blood ; therapy ; Endotoxins ; blood ; toxicity ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hemofiltration ; Interleukin-1 ; blood ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; Models, Animal ; Swine ; Time Factors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; analysis