Objective: Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs play an important role in medical treatment.  Triage and counseling by pharmacists are important to ensure that self-medication with OTC drugs is effective.
Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey to evaluate the education about OTC drugs offered by 79 Japanese pharmaceutical universities, from August to September 2009.  The questionnaire asked whether or not lectures and practical training concerning OTC drugs are given to students, and if so, the number of hours and the school year in which they are given.  Questions about future plans were also included.
Results: The response rate was 70 %.  Eighty percent of respondent universities gave lectures on OTC drugs, and 98 % expected to do so in the future.  Lectures on OTC drugs were most commonly given in the fourth year.  Fifty percent of universities offered practical training about OTC drugs, and 75 % expected to do so in the future.
Conclusion: Compared with our 2005 survey, the number of universities offering lectures had increased more than twofold.  Although education about OTC drugs in pharmaceutical universities has improved, it remains insufficient.

Introduction: Patients of end-stage heart failure often develop dyspnea. Although morphine is used for dyspnea, these patients are often inappropriate group for using morphine due to renal failure. Case: A seventy-year-old male with end-stage heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy developed dyspnea. We used continuous oxycodone infusion for dyspnea with small dose as an alternative to morphine due to renal failure. His dyspnea was relieved in dose-dependent without heart failure recovery. Conclusion: Oxycodone may be an alternative therapy for dyspnea with end-stage heart failure with renal failure.

BACKGROUND: Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial disorder with optic nerve atrophy. Although there are no other associated neurological abnormalities in most cases of LHON, cases of "LHON plus" have been reported. CASE REPORT: The proband was a 37-year-old man who had visual and gait disturbances that had first appeared at 10 years of age. He showed horizontal gaze palsy, gaze-evoked nystagmus, dysarthria, and cerebellar ataxia. Brain and orbit MRI disclosed atrophy of the optic nerve and cerebellum, and degenerative changes in the bilateral inferior olivary nucleus. Mutational analyses of mitochondrial DNA identified the coexistence of heteroplasmic G11778A and homoplasmic T3394C mutations. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the combination of G11778A and T3394C mutations leads to an atypical LHON phenotype.
Adult ; Atrophy ; Brain ; Cerebellar Ataxia ; Cerebellum ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Dysarthria ; Gait ; Humans ; Mitochondria ; Mitochondrial Diseases ; Olivary Nucleus ; Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber ; Optic Nerve ; Orbit ; Paralysis ; Phenotype