INTRODUCTION: Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin ? has been shown to be effective in the treatment of anemia among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients on dialysis or pre-dialysis. This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of this drug in the treatment of renal anemia among Filipino patients, demonstrating relevant clinical experiences in drug administration and dose adjustment.

METHODS: This was an open-label, one-arm prospective clinical series conducted in five renal clinics in Metro Manila, which enrolled 28 (27 evaluable) CKD patients, 18 years old and above with ESA-naive renal anemia who fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All patients gave their informed consent. The protocol was approved by the Philippine Council for Research & Development-National Ethics Committee. Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin ? was given as a subcutaneous injection beginning at 0.6 ug/kg body weight once every two weeks with dose adjustment (25% increments/decrements per month) to keep hemoglobin at 11 to 12 g/dL (not to exceed 13 g/dL), and then maintained once every four weeks on a dose equal to twice the previous once-everytwo-weeks dose, over a 24-week study period. Data analysis was done using STATA version 10.

RESULTS: Across the 24 weeks of methoxy polyethylene glycolepoetin ? treatment, there was a mean increase in hemoglobin of >1.0 g/dL from baseline; >60% of patients achieved hemoglobin levels >11 g/dL starting at week 8 (mean time to first target hemoglobin 5.7 weeks) with variability, no blood transfusion, and mean of 1.52±1.25 SD dose adjustments per patient. The manner of dose adjustment can be the main driver of hemoglobin variability. Common adverse events were sudden rise in blood pressure (6 patients), back pain (3), and fever (3). 

CONCLUSION: Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin ? administered once monthly after an initial once every two weeks correction phase can improve hemoglobin levels at target 11 to 12 g/dL, with hemoglobin variability and safety events as expected for a CKD population. 

Human ; Male ; Female ; Aged 80 And Over ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Polyethylene ; Blood Pressure ; Epo Protein, Human ; Erythropoietin ; Anemia ; Hemoglobins ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Renal Dialysis

Objective. Previous studies have demonstrated the role of genetic susceptibility in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. The study aimed to determine the frequencies of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in a pilot population of Filipino type 2 diabetic patients and normal controls. Methods. An analysis of the ACE gene polymorphism was performed in 42 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy, and 24 normal controls. The analysis was done using polymerase chain reaction, restriction enzyme digestion, and gel electrophoresis techniques to determine the polymorphism (II, DD or ID). Independent T-tests and chi-square tests were used to compare clinical characteristics, and logistic regression analysis was done to determine odds ratio for development of nephropathy. Results. The ID polymorphism of the ACE gene was more frequent (52.4%) in patients with diabetic nephropathy (n=21). In those without nephropathy (n=21), II was more common (61.9%). ID was the more frequent genotype in the normal controls (n=24) (58.3%). The odds of developing diabetic nephropathy were increased by 4.8 times in those with ID polymorphism, and 2.9 times in those with DD. Conclusion. The D allele was more common in patients with diabetic nephropathy, similar to the observation in South Indian patients. Since the study involved only a small pilot group, studies on a larger population is needed to establish the hypothesized role of the D allele in susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in Filipinos.

Human ; Alleles ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Electrophoresis ; Genetic Predisposition To Disease ; Genotype ; Indel Mutation ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Peptidyl-dipeptidase A ; ; Mesh Browser: Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Mesh Browser: Polymorphism, Genetic Polymorphism, Genetic

Introduction: As of February 4, 2021, a total of 530,118 COVID-19 cases were recorded in the Philippines with a fatality rate of 2.1%. Significant morbidity from COVID-19 is caused by hyperinflammation. Hemoperfusion (HP), which adsorbs inflammatory cytokines, has been performed in the Philippine General Hospital (PGH) as an adjunct to management given to COVID-19 patients. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the clinical and laboratory profile, ventilatory support, therapeutic regimens, and outcomes of COVID-19 patients who underwent hemoperfusion in PGH. Methods: The COVID-19 patient electronic database (April to September 2020) of the Division of Nephrology was reviewed and we included patients with COVID-19 who underwent hemoperfusion. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data as well as therapeutics and outcomes were described. Results: Sixty-six patients with COVID-19 underwent hemoperfusion. The majority were male (59.1%) with an average age of 61.3 years (SD 15). Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (62.1%). Acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring dialysis comprised 28.8% while 33.3% had diagnosed chronic kidney disease (CKD). The majority were critical COVID-19 cases who had acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (56.1%). The mean baseline inflammatory marker levels (Il-6, CRP, LDH, ferritin) were elevated. Post-HP inflammatory markers decreased except for IL-6 among patients who died. Most patients were mechanically ventilated (54.5%). Steroids were the most common medications administered (71.2%). Mortality occurred in 62.1% of the patients. The average length of hospital stay was 20.8 days (SD 19.5), duration from admission to first HP 5.9 days (SD 5.8), and 15.3 days (SD 17.4) from first HP to death or discharge. Conclusion Our study showed the characteristics of patients with COVID-19 who underwent HP. Majority were hypertensive men in their early 60s with critical COVID-19 disease. The mean inflammatory markers were elevated with a decrease in most markers post-hemoperfusion (except for IL-6 among those who died). Despite this, mortality was still high and the average length of hospital stay was long.
Hemoperfusion ; Hemadsorption ; COVID-19

Objectives: In the Philippines, patients on chronic hemodialysis with COVID-19 remain admitted in hospitals despite clinical recovery because most free-standing dialysis units require proof of negative conversion via Reverse Transcriptase – Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). This study aims to determine the time to negative conversion of COVID-19 RT-PCR testing among adult patients on chronic hemodialysis with COVID-19 admitted at the Philippine General Hospital (PGH) and bring insight in using the symptom or time-based procedure as recommended by local guideline, and ultimately, to ensure delivery of adequate hemodialysis despite being infected with COVID-19, shorten isolation period, and conserve resources especially in resource-limited settings. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study on all adult patients on chronic hemodialysis who were admitted in PGH after the diagnosis of COVID-19 by RT-PCR between March 2020 and February 2021. Descriptive statistics was used in summarizing the data. Results: A total of 90 patients on chronic hemodialysis who tested positive for COVID-19 via RT-PCR admitted at PGH were included in the study. Most of these patients had moderate COVID-19 at 53.3%. The median number of days from onset of symptoms to clinical recovery was 14.5 days. The median time to first negative conversion was 18 days. Most of these patients had negative conversion at the second week. The correlation coefficient between time to clinical recovery and negative conversion was 0.214. Conclusion Among adult patients on chronic hemodialysis who were admitted in PGH after the diagnosis of COVID-19, the time to negative conversion was longer compared to the time to clinical recovery with a very weak correlation between the two.
COVID-19 ; Renal Dialysis ;

Objective: The objective of the study is to determine the association of renal impairment (AKI or CKD) with IL-6 levels on mortality, intubation, and length of hospitalization among COVID-19 positive patients. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study involving chart review of COVID-19 patients with IL-6 levels and admitted from May 2020 to April 2021. The KDIGO criteria was used for determining renal impairment. The subsequent data processing and analysis was carried out using the statistical software, Stata 13. Results: A total of 1,120 charts were included with patients classified as having AKI (33%), CKD (14%), and no renal impairment (58%). Overall mortality and need for intubation were 27% and 30%, respectively, with average length of stay at 12 days. The IL-6 values were divided into low (0 to less than 51 pg/mL), intermediate (51 to 251 pg/mL), and high (greater than 251 pg/mL) tertiles, which showed acceptable sensitivity and specificity for mortality and need for intubation. Conclusion The presence of renal impairment (CKD or AKI) with increasing IL-6 levels had an effect of increasing risk of adverse outcomes; however, within tertile groups, the presence of renal impairment did not significantly change the risk of adverse outcomes. The tertile groups have acceptable sensitivity and specificity for clinical use.
Interleukin-6 ; Acute Kidney Injury ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic