No abstract available.
Electrolytes*

No abstract available.
Electrolytes* ; Lung*

This longitudinal prospective study was carried out on 6 blood samples of 6 male volunteers at National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion to examine the changes biochemical parameters, shape of blood cells, and variations of all blood components during blood store. Results: plasma Hb and K+ concentrations and LDH activity in stored blood increased significantly; plasma Na+ and Cl concentrations decreased significantly along the time. These variations occurred in the first week of store. There were changes in the shape of red blood cells during blood store.
Blood ; Hemoglobins ; Plasma ; Electrolytes

In the operation room of S.N.U.H., 10 patients were transfused with A,C.D. stored blood after warming to 36 degrees C by using a blood warmer. Observed changes of Na+, Cl-, K+ and. Ca++ were as follows. 1) Before warming, the electrolytes of A.C.D. stored blood were Na+ 148. 2 mEq/1, Cl-; 117. 0 mEq/1 and K+; 8. 4 mEq/l. After warming to 36C, these were significantly reduced(P <0. 05) and became 144. 6mEq/1, 112. 4mEg/1 and 68. 13mEq/1 respectively. 2) There was a tendency to increasing of K+ cencentration in proportion to storage duration. 3) In the case of calcium, pre-warmed concentration of calcium was 4. 09 mEq/1 and there was no significant change after warming(P>0.05).
Calcium ; Electrolytes* ; Humans

Electrolytes ; Therapeutic Irrigation ; methods

Electrolytes ; Body Fluids

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The effect of gold electroforming on gold alloy was not studied. PURPOSE: This in vitro study investigate the effect of gold electroforming on gold-silver-palladium alloy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three pieces of gold strips had undergone the electroforming procedures on one side and then half of the side again electroformed. The set mode for this study was program 1 (200 micrometer). And the processing time was 15min (1/20 time to form 200 micrometer coping). The confocal laser scanning microscope (PASCAL 5, Carl Zeiss, Bernried, Germany) was used to measure the thickness of the pure gold layer electroformed on the gold strips. Half of the gold strip was coated two times with electroformed gold, and the other half one time. The data from the cone focal laser system was processed to get the vertical profile of the strips and the difference of the vertical height between the double coated and single coated layer was regarded as the thickness of the gold coating. The layer thickness value to built 3D image of the cone-focal laser was set 0.5 micrometer. Next to the measurement of the thickness of the coating, the Vicker's hardness test was done. It was performed on the double coated surface, single coated surface and non-coated surface (back side) three times each. RESULTS: The mean thickness value gained from gold electroforming technique was measured to be 22 micrometer for sample 1, 23 micrometer for sample 2, 21 micrometer for sample 3. In the same condition of time, power and the amount of electrolyte, the data showed no difference between samples. According to the results of variance analysis, the differences among the variations in number of coating were statistically insignificant (p>0.05), meaning that the two times of gold electroforming coating did not change the hardness of gold-silver-palladium alloy. CONCLUSION: The test of thickness of gold coating proved the coherency of the gold electroforming procedure, in other words, when the power, the exposed surface area, processing time and the amount of electrolytes were set same, the same thickness of gold would be coated on. The hardness test showed that the electroformed gold coating did not change the hardness of the gold-silver-palladium alloy when it is coated not more than 45 micrometer.
Alloys* ; Electrolytes ; Hardness ; Hardness Tests

For the purpose of the determination of the most proper sampling time on using spot urine which can represent the general status of electrolytes in 24 hour urine and for test of the validity of filter paper method which was developed recently in estimation of the amount of daily salt intake, the author investigated this study by different sampling time and various measuring methods in 21 healthy men and 12 women. The summarized results were as follows; 1) The mean excretion amount of urinary electrolytes were Na 3.93 g/l, K 1.47 g/l, and creatinine 1.08 g/l in male, and Na 3.83 g/l, K 1.86 g/l, and creatinine 0.99 g/l in female. 2) In using spot urine for estimation of the amount of daily salt intake, morning urine was the most approximate to that of 24 hour urine in both sexes. 3) There was validity in estimation of daily salt intake by filter paper method using spot urine instead of 24 hour urine. 4) The estimated amounts of daily salt intake in male was higher than the values in female as 16.04-16.22 g and 13.35-13.82 g respectively.
Creatinine ; Electrolytes ; Female ; Humans ; Male

The experiment was conducted by Lipschitz’s method on white rats of 3 groups, each included 12 animals going without food 18 hours before starting of study. The control group administered orally 1 time only 2ml of water/100g of body mass. The 1st group Dia Long 3g/2ml/100g of body mass, the 2nd group Dia Long 4.5g/2ml/100g of body mass. Rats of all 3 groups were injected subperitoneally 5ml of 0.9% salt solution on 100g of body mass for increasing urine volume. Results showed a diuretic effect of Dia Long, lasting for 6 hours after the use. Dia Long’s excretion effects on Na, K, Cl ions through the kidney were manifested obviously in the 2nd and the fourth hours after use with all the various doses.
Diuretics ; Electrolytes ; animals ; Animal Experimentation

BACKGROUND: Insufficient sample volume can cause unnecessary blood loss and inaccurate arterial blood gas and electrolytes testing. The aim of this study was to determine the adequate sample volume, that is required for accurate arterial blood gas and electrolyte testing from arterial catheters. METHODS: Patients had four different arterial blood samples (0.2 ml, 0.4 ml, 0.6 ml and 1 ml [control], respectively) taken sequentially in random order. Samples were analyzed for pH, PaCO2, PaO2, hematocrit, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ using NOVA blood gas analyzer. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients were recruited for the study. All sample volumes tested provided the results of pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and hematocrit that were statistically similar to control values. However, the results of electrolytes (K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) in all sample volumes tested were significantly lower than the control values and an increasing sample volume equated to blood results trending closer to those obtained with the control sample. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that there is not one sample volume that will provide accurate results for all blood components. The study tested a variety of sample volumes and found that although even small sample volume of 0.2 ml provided accurate results for pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and hematocrit. No sample volume that was tested provided accurate results for K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+.
Electrolytes ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration