Diabetes remains as the 6th leading cause of death in the Philippines, with more than 33,000 deaths in 2016. Given this alarming prevalence, it is imperative that this public health concern be prioritized in the country and to answer such concern, a group of cardiologists and endocrinologists who are in active clinical practice and research, formed a technical working group composed of five members. Their primary objective was to develop an evidence-based consensus document for Filipino healthcare practitioners and people in the academe that would serve as a guideline on the approach to lower the CV risk of individuals with T2DM. The TWG agreed on focusing with the pharmacological approach to treatment of lowering CV risk for T2DM patients using the ADAPTE model which is a more systematic approach to guideline adaptation. The recommendations were developed using the ADAPTE framework appraising all international practice guidelines and recommendations through to 2013. The technical working group’s overall objective of guideline adaptation is to take advantage of the existing guidelines to enhance the efficient production and use of high-quality adapted guidelines specially in the local Philippine setting. Each of these articles was then assessed using the AGREE instrument. Based on the key questions that the technical working group had identified regarding the approach to lower the risk of individuals with type 2 diabetes, 9 recommendations concerning the antidiabetic drug of choice for persons with type 2 diabetes with or without established ASCVD and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia were drafted and are presented in this report.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Heart Disease Risk Factors

Objective. The study evaluates the clinical profile of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) under the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (Philhealth) Z Benefit Package (PZBP), as well as time intervals between PZBP screening, approval, and timing of surgery. Methods. A review of medical records was done to collect data on time intervals between the screening process and Philhealth approval in CABG patients under PZBP. The clinical profile and surgical outcomes of patients were also evaluated. Results. Sixty-three patients were included from March 2017 to December 2018. Most patients were under 61-70 years old. Hypertension was the most commonly observed comorbidity. Time intervals were analyzed including identification for surgery to eligibility screening (2–217 days, median 25 days), Philhealth approval (8–266 days, median 20 days), and surgery (9-403 days, median 33 days). Postoperative atrial fibrillation was seen in 22.58%. The most commonly observed complication prolonging hospitalization was pneumonia. Conclusion. This is the first local study which evaluated the timelines of PZBP. Results may be use as basis of follow up study in the future for identification of an acceptable timeline intervals. Several modifiable factors affecting time intervals were identified for further improvement of healthcare services. The leading cause of increase length in hospitalization were HAP and AF.
Coronary Artery Disease ; Vascular Diseases ; Vascular Surgical Procedures ; National Health Programs

Objectives: People living with HIV (PLHIV) are susceptible to develop dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. This study aims to determine the prevalence of these metabolic derangements among Filipino PLHIV. Methodology: We reviewed 635 medical records in a treatment hub in Manila, Philippines from January 2004 to July 2016. Logistic regression analysis was done to determine factors associated with dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia pre- and post-ART. Results: Among 635 PLHIV, 97.3% were males with mean age of 30 years and median CD4 count of 207 cells/mm3. Pre-ART, prevalence of dyslipidemia was 65.4% and hyperglycemia was 10.4%. Risk factors for dyslipidemia include hyperglycemia (AOR 3.8, p 0.001) and >320 days delay in ART initiation from HIV confirmation (AOR 1.5, p 0.032), while dyslipidemia was associated with hyperglycemia (AOR 3.1, p 0.001). Post-ART, prevalence of dyslipidemia was 48.6% and hyperglycemia was 15.6%. Risk factors for post-ART dyslipidemia include being WHO stage 4 (AOR 2.1, p 0.021), hyperglycemia (AOR 16.1, p<0.001), >36 months ART duration (AOR 8.7, p<0.001) and efavirenz-based ART (AOR 2.8, p<0.001). Low CD4 count post-ART had a negative correlation with dyslipidemia (AOR 0.5, p 0.005). Post-ART hyperglycemia was associated with age >30 years (AOR 2.1, p 0.004), being overweight (AOR 1.8, p 0.023), dyslipidemia (AOR 17.8, p<0.001) and zidovudine-based ART (AOR 1.4, p 0.051). Conclusion Dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia prevalence was high in Filipino PLHIV. Traditional, HIV and treatment related factors contributed to its development. Intensive monitoring and initiation of appropriate treatment is recommended.
HIV ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Dyslipidemias ; Hyperglycemia

Dyslipidemia is a cardiovascular risk factor that is increasing in prevalence in the country. The need to treat and manage elevated cholesterol levels, both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic, is of utmost importance. Different medical societies and groups bonded together to formulate the 2020 Philippine Clinical Practice Guidelines for dyslipidemia. The group raised nine clinical questions that are important in dyslipidemia management. A technical working group analyzed the clinical questions dealing with non-pharmacologic management, primary prevention for both non-diabetic and individuals with diabetes, familial hypercholesterolemia, secondary prevention, adverse events of statins and the use of other lipid parameters as measurement of risk for cardiovascular disease. Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses were included in the GRADE-PRO analysis to come up with the statements answering the clinical questions. The statements were presented to a panel consisting of government agencies, members of the different medical societies, and private institutions, and the statements were voted upon to come up with the final statements of the 2020 practice guidelines. The 2020 CPG is aimed for the Filipino physician to confidently care for the individual with dyslipidemia and eventually lower his risk for cardiovascular disease.
Dyslipidemias ; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II ; Diabetes Mellitus

Background. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) is a well-recognized risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Associated gene variants for low HDL-c have already been demonstrated in various populations. Such associations have yet to be established among Filipinos who reportedly have a much higher prevalence of low HDL-c levels compared to other races.

Objective. To determine the association of selected genetic variants and clinical factors with low HDL-c phenotype in Filipinos.

Methods. An age- and sex-matched case-control study was conducted among adult Filipino participants with serum HDL-c concentration less than 35 mg/dL (n=61) and those with HDL-c levels of more than 40 mg/dL (n=116). Genotyping was done using DNA obtained from blood samples. Candidate variants were correlated with the low HDL-c phenotype using chi-squared test and conditional logistic regression analysis.

Results. Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with low HDL-c phenotype among Filipinos with univariate regression analysis. The variant rs1260326 of glucokinase regulator (GCKR) (CT genotype: adjusted OR=5.17; p-value=0.007; TT genotype: adjusted OR=6.28; p-value=0.027) remained associated with low HDL-c phenotype, together with hypertension and elevated body mass index, after multiple regression analysis.

Conclusion. The variant rs1260326 near GCKR is associated with low HDL-c phenotype among Filipinos. Its role in the expression of low HDL-c phenotype should be further investigated prior to the development of possible clinical applications.