To detect the number of school children with errors of refraction and who are not wearing corrective glasses, a study was conducted at Barrio Santiago Elementary School.280 students fromGrade I to Grade IV were included.Visual screening, manifest and cyclopegic refraction was performed, and the results were compared and analyzed.63 (22.5%) had an undiagnosed myopic error of refraction detected by proper visual sc
Human ; Male ; Female ; Adolescent ; Child ; CYCLOPENTOLATE ; OPHTHALMOLOGY ; REFRACTIVE ERROR OF REFRACTION

INTRODUCTION: A promising strategy for HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (mBC) is to target the veascular endothelial growth factor receptor using bevecizumab. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have consistently demonstrated improvement in progression-free survival (PFS).
METHODS: This meta-analysis was undertaken to determine the added benefit of bevacizumab (BV) to chemotherapy in HER2-negative locally recurrent and mBC. RCTs that compared the efficacy and safety of BV+chemotherapy to placebo+chemotherapy in the first- or second-line setting were selected. The primary outcome was PFS. The secondary outcome measures were overall survival (OS) and objective response rate (ORR). Analysis of safety was done by pooling grades 3-5 toxicities. Four RCTs were included in the meta-analysis: E2100, AVADO, RIBBON-1, and RIBBON-2.
RESULTS: The use of BV+chemotherapy showed statistically significant improvement in PFS (HR 0.73 [0.65, 0.82] 95% Cl, p<0.0001); subgroup analysis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) also showed statistically significant increase in PFS (HR 0.56 [0.47, 0.67] 95% Cl, P<0.00001). The ORR was statistically significant with a risk ratio of 1.36 in favour of BV (P<0.00001). OS did not reach statistical significance (HR 0.85 [0.56, 1.27] 95% Cl, p=0.42). Grades 3-5 toxicities were consistently higher in the BV arm with a risk ratio of 1.90 (p<0.00001).
CONCLUSION: BV prolongs PFS and increases ORR in patients with HER2-negative locally-recurrent and mBC. OS was comparable in both arms. Toxicities significantly increased with the addition of BV to chemotherapy, but fatal reactions were rare in all four trials. The addition of BV to conventional first- or second-line chemotherapy is justified in TN mBC since there is still no standard treatment fot this. 

Chemotherapy-Oncologic Procedure ; Tuberculosis ; Cortisone ; Child

Objective: To compare the radiographic features of the nasal septal swell body (NSB) with the laterality of nasal septal deviation and investigate whether there is a correlation between the severity of the septal deviation and difference in NSB size. Methods: Design: Retrospective Observational Study. Setting: Tertiary Private University Hospital. Participants: 30 paranasal sinus computerized tomography scans from January to October 2017. Results: A septal deviation was present in 60% of the subjects. In 78% of cases with septal deviation, the NSB was noted to be significantly larger on the side opposite the nasal septal deviation (p < .05). Conclusion The correlation between the severity of the septal deviation and difference in NSB size had a value of (r = 0.37) therefore, no positive correlation was established. Subjects with almost symmetric NSB measurements tend to have no septal deviation. On the other hand, the NSB is more prominent contralateral to a septal deviation.
Paranasal Sinus Diseases ; Hypertrophy ; Turbinates

Background and Objective: Retinoblastoma is one of the most common intraocular cancers among children usually caused by the loss of retinoblastoma protein function. Despite being a highly heritable disease, conventional diagnostic and prognostic methods depend on clinical examination, with limited consideration of cancer genetics in the standard of care. CD133, KRT19, and MUC1 are commonly explored genes for their utility in liquid biopsies of cancer including lung adenocarcinoma. To date, there are few extensive molecular studies on retinoblastoma in Filipino patients. To this end, the study aimed to describe the copy number of CD133, KRT19, and MUC1 in retinoblastoma samples from a Filipino patient and quantitate the respective expression level of these genes. Methods: Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining was utilized to characterize the retinoblastoma tissue while fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using probes specific to CD133, KRT19, and MUC1 was performed to determine the copy number of genes in retinoblastoma samples from a Filipino patient (n = 1). The gene expression of CD133, MUC1, and KRT19 was quantitated using RT-qPCR. Results: The H&E staining in the retinoblastoma tissue shows poorly differentiated cells with prominent basophilic nuclei. CD133 was approximately 1.5-fold overexpressed in the retinoblastoma tissue with respect to the normal tissue, while MUC1 and KRT19 are only slightly expressed. Multiple intense signals of each probe were localized in the same nuclear areas throughout the retinoblastoma tissue, with high background noise. Conclusion These findings suggest that CD133 is a potential biomarker for the staging and diagnosis of retinoblastoma in Filipino cancer patients. However, further optimization of the hybridization procedures is recommended.
Retinoblastoma ; Biomarkers ; In Situ Hybridization

Topical corticosteroids (TC) are among the most commonly prescribed topical agents and are used to treat various dermatoses. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, factors associated and reasons patients inappropriately use TC. Incidence of AE and risk of the development of AE due to inappropriate TC. Out-patient dermatology patients in a tertiary hospital in the Philippines were screened for TC use and interviewed using a questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression to determine odds ratios were done. Out of 801 patients recruited, 260 (32%) used TC. Among those who used TC, 147 (56.53%) inappropriately used TC. Among the factors associated with inappropriate use of TC were: 1) Diagnosis of dermatitis as primary dermatosis (OR = 2.82, 95% CI 0.497, 1.276), 2) Lack of awareness of the FDA advisory (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.245, 3.601), 3) Lack of knowledge that TC cannot be applied for prolonged periods (OR = 5.5, 95% CI 3.201, 9.334), and 4) Lack of knowledge that TC use can result into AE (OR = 4.5, 95% CI 2.637, 7.657). Relatives and friends as source of information (OR=437, 95% CI 25.997, >1000), procurement (OR=60, 95% CI 3.081, >1000) and instruction (OR=337, 95% CI 19.827, >1000) were highly associated with inappropriate use. Twenty-two percent of those who inappropriately used TC self-medicated upon recommendation by family and friends. Hypopigmentation was the most common AE. There is a 3.8 times (OR= 3.8, 95% CI: 1.918, 7.662) likelihood for a person who has inappropriately used TC to have an AE as compared to a person who has appropriately used TC. There is a need to educate the general public regarding proper TC use. Patient encounters at the clinic may be a good opportunity to reinforce guidelines on the use of TC.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Philippine