25 patients with endoscopy confirmed active duodenal ulcer were treated with Xi Lei San or ci-metidine. Biopsy specimens were taken before and 3 weeks after treatment. Specimens were stained separately with HE, AB (pH2.5), PAS, and AB(pH2.5)/PAS. According to the morphological characteristics, the epithelium was divided into intestinal, gastric and transitional types. The percentage of the length and density of cells of all types were measured. The results were obtained as follows: during early phase of healing (3 weeks), goblet cells recovered most markedly in the epithelium close to the lesion. Transitional epithelium could relatively easily be observed.The Xi Lei San and cimetidine produced similar morphological changes. Endoscopically, even after the ulcer was healed, gastric and transitional epithelial cells could still be seen. Hypoplasia was observed in most of epithelial villi.

By using 99m Tc-resin meal method, we measured the gastric emptying time (GET) in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and gastric carcinoma(GCa). Change in gastric movement in CAG and GCa patients was discussed in this report. The results of present study showed that, GET 1/2 in control group (n = 36) was 37.3?16.0 min; mild CAG (n = 21) 35.0?10.5min. In moderate and severe CAG group (n = 13), GET was 68.3?35.3 min before pentagastrin treatment, and 37.1?6.5 min after pentagastrin treatment. In gastric autrum carcinoma (n = 8) it was 80.9?47.9 min, and in cardiac carcinoma (n = 3) 26.9?7.2min. Significant differentiation existed between moderate or severe CAG and gastric autrum carcinoma groups. Labelled meal v-photography was a physiological examination. Anatomic foundation of prolonged GET 1/2 in moderate and severe CAG was possibly related with atrophy of gastric muscles. Prolonged GET 1/2 could be a promoting factor of development of grastric carcinoma. In order to prevent the development of gastric carcinoma, great attention should be given to those patients with moderate to severe CAG.

With the emerging of EGFR-targeting antibody, there is a new choice for malignant tumors. Several studies indicate that cetuximab combined with chemotherapy have a role in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal and lung cancer, with a 10% to 20% absolute increase in response rates reported. But, cosily price and partly responsive rate restrict the reasonable use of the drug. If the predictive biomarker works, clinician can identify patients who can benefit from the regimen and relieve the economic and toxic burden of null patients and avoid wasting time and money. The study progress of the biomarkers related to EGFR-targeting antibody was reviewed.

Objective:To investigate the influence of different routes of administration on vaccine efficiency of peptide-pulsed dendritic cells(DC).Methods:Immunization of syngeneic C57BL/6 mice with bone marrow-derived murine DC pulsed with SIINFEKL, a MHC class Ⅰ-restricted peptide from chicken ovalbumin(OVA) sited at 257-264 amino acid residuals were performed via subcutaneous(s.c.), intramuscular(i.m.), intravenous(i.v.), and intraperitoneal(i.p.) administration, respectively. Seven days later the mice were sacrificed and the splenocytes were prepared to analyze antigen-specific CTL lysis for target cells and IFN-?-producting CD8+T lymphocytes using in vivo CTL assay and intracellular cytokine staining(ICS), respectively.Results:The results from in vivo CTL assay showed that the CTL lysis activities were 37.3%?7.3%, 10.8%?2.3%, 56.9%?3.6% and 61.0%?4.2% via s.c., i.m., i.v., and i.p. administration, respectively. Similarly, ICS showed that IFN-?-producting cells in total CD8+T lymphocytes were 0.43%?0.09%, 0.85%?0.12%, 0.76%?0.14% and 0.15%?0.04%, respectively.Conclusion:Different routes of administration has an obvious influence on vaccine efficiency of peptide-pulsed DC. The i.p. immunization with DC elicites the strongest CTL lysis activity, i.v. immunization is next, and s.c., in particular i.m. is the worst, suggesting that i.p. administration may be a safe and effective route for immunization with peptide-pulsed DC against cancers in a mice model.

Naloxone is a synthetic pan-opioid receptor competitive antagonist of the opioid receptors inside and outside the cen-tral nervous system. After systemic administration, it reverses almost all opioid effects. Systemically administered naloxone is used to reverse the life-threatening opioid toxicity. A number of studies have analyzed the importance of oral naloxone as a peripheral opioid an-tagonist in cancer patients. Naloxone has shown satisfactory efficacy for opioid-induced constipation (OIC). Ultra-low dose of naloxone has been reported to enhance the anti-nociceptive effect of morphine and reduce morphine consumption. We summarize the results from current studies of naloxone administration in cancer pain management.

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of opioid overdose in naloxone-antagonized advanced cancer pa-tients. Methods:Fifteen patients with moderate to severe cancer pain were diagnosed with opioid overdose. Five of the patients were treated with transdermal fentanyl, six with prolonged-release morphine sulfate tablets, and four with prolonged-release oxycodone hy-drochloride tablets. Naloxone was immediately administered upon discovery of opioid overdose. The reasons behind opioid overdose as well as the naloxone efficacy and patient prognosis were investigated. Results:In the patients of the group, the equivalent dosage of morphine, the treatment dosage is 10 mg/d to 640 mg/d, and the median dosage is 360 mg/d. The therapeutic dose of naloxone is 0.2 mg to 0.8 mg, and the median dosage is 0.4 mg. After naloxone use, the pupils of the patients were recovered in the first few min-utes, and respiratory depression improved within 10 min to 30 min. However, blood pressure recovery was slow for at least 1 hour. Two fever-afflicted patients were diagnosed with transdermal fentanyl overdose and impaired liver function, which exhibited rapid deteriora-tion immediately before the opioid overdose. Seven patients with poor pain control were diagnosed with opioid overdose during drug ti-tration. These patients were given poor prognosis, and their median overall survival time was 1.9 months. Conclusion: Opioid over-dose, which is shown to be common in advanced cancer patients, can be safely and effectively treated by naloxone. Early diagnosis and treatment of this condition would significantly improve the quality of pain control for the patient.

Objective To investigate the 50% inhibition concentration(IC50)of haematoporphyrin derivative(HpD)and hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether(HMME)at the saturated light dose and 50% inhibition energy density(IED50)at saturated photosensitizer dose in order to find out their photocytotoxicity features.Methods Cell culture and MTT technology were utilized to inspect photosensitizers' photocytotoxicity to the endothelial cells of mouse lung vessel.Exponentially growing cells were incubated with varying concentrations of the photosensitizers in DMEM medium(low glucose)in 96-well microliter plate for 4h.The plate was then exposed to copper vapor laser at 510.6nm and 578.2nm wavelength,respectively,for a period of time.Incubation was continued for another 24h in darkness,and the number of surviving cell was analyzed by MTT assay.Results The findings suggested that the IC50 of HMME was 1.31 and 1.24 times of that of HpD in 510.6nm and 578.2nm wavelengths at saturated light dose,respectively.IED50 of HPD was 1.18 and 1.17 times of that of HMME in 510.6nm and 578.2nm wavelengths at saturated photosensitizer dose,respectively.Conclusion HpD has stronger photocytotoxicity than HMME under 510.6nm and 578.2nm wavelength exposure,and the photocytotoxicity is closely related to light dose and wavelength.

Objective To study both therapeutic and adverse effects of photodynamic therapy for cutaneous malignant tumors.Methods The IEAu-3 gold vapor laser(wavelength 627.8nm),manufactured by the Institute of Electronics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and diode laser(wavelength 630nm),manufactured by DIOMED Ltd.(GB),were employed as the light source.Power density of the both kinds of laser was 100-150mW/cm2,and energy density was 150-300J/cm2.Haematoporphyrin derivative(HpD)was used as pohotosensitizer at dosage of 5mg/kg.The patients' foci were radiated 12-72h after HpD administration.The patients received 1 to 4 courses of photodynamic therapy.The size of patients' focus was measured before and after treatment and the therapeutic effect was appraised 4 weeks later.Results Evaluation of the therapeutic effect in 30 patients showed that 15 patients(50.0%)responded completely(CR),10 patients(33.3%)responded partially(PR),and 5 patients(16.6%)showed no response(NR).No patients showed progression of the lesion(PD).The total response case(CR+PR)was 25.No adverse effect was found in this group.Conclusions Photodynamic therapy is an effective and safe modality for cutaneous malignant tumor especially for basal cell skin cancer and squamous cell skin cancer.

Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) is the most common side effect of opioid. OIC influences the quality of life of pa-tients suffering from cancer pain. However, given that the drug is often overlooked and underappreciated, most of the time, the patients would avoid or abandon using opioid and, as a result, they continuously suffer from cancer pain. Therefore, OIC prevention and man-agement must be made before opioid use. The consensus on the diagnosis of OIC has only been reached recently. Thus, a unified defini-tion of OIC must be developed to exchange therapeutic option among departments in hospitals and compare treatment outcome. The di-agnosis of OIC is discussed, and the management of OIC, including medicinal and non-medicinal treatment, is summarized. Mean-while, the initial program for prevention and treatment of OIC is established to make OIC management more convenient for clinical physicians. Much work is still needed to establish a consensus on OIC diagnosis and a suitable program for prevention and treatment of OIC.

Objective To study the features of mammography,breast ultrasonography(US)and physical examination(PE)on 0-Ⅰstage(early stage)breast cancer,and to approach a diagnostic measure for early stage breast cancer(EBC).Methods Physical examination,ultrasonography and mammography were performed in 28 patients with pathologically proved breast cancer in 0-Ⅰ stage,and the data were analyzed.Results The accuracy of PE for 0-Ⅰstage of EBC was 57.1%(16/28),and the accuracy by US or mammography was 85.7%(24/28)and 89.3%(25/28),respectively.As the main clinical symptom of 0-Ⅰ stage EBC,breast lumps were found in 14 of 16 PE positive cases(87.5%).The main feature of EBC by mammography was the finding of a lump(14/25,56%).The low echo of a solid space occupying lesion was the main US feature of EBC(18/24,75%).The diagnostic accuracy of mammography for 0 stage EBC was 100.0%(8/8),while only 50%(4/8)by both US and PE.Malignant calcification was the main feature of o stage breast cancer in mammography.The diagnostic accuracy of US,mammography and PE for I stage EBC was 100.0%(20/20),and was 85.0%(17/20)and 40%(8/20),respectively.US was advantagious in detecting cancer in young patient with compact breast.Conclusion Early stage breast cancer often displayed atypical features in PE,US and mammography,which are important for the early-diagnosis of breast cancer,and false negative findings are inevitable in examination.Therefore,the diagnosis of early stage breast cancer should be made with.The findings of PE,US and mammography should be analyzed comprehensively,however,when one of examinations gives a positive finding,the diagnosis of breast cancer should be suspected,and further examination should be carried out to make an early diagnosis.