Introduction on the factors influence dosage that is equivalent in effectiveness between animals. They comprised drug metabolism, minimum concentration have with effect in serum, the effective time, cellular respiration, organic weight rate comparison with body weight, heat production, cytochrom C, volume of kidney and body surface.
Dosage Forms ; Animal Experimentation

Sustained release dosage forms belong to new forms with innovative bioavailability, in which drug was released in tailored design. If physicians haven't a firm grasp on nature, composition of dosage form and give incorrect instruction for use, model of release dosage of drug will be changed, and drug is not only less effective but also harmful. Author introduced technical rules of preparing sustained release drugs, sustained release dosage forms and pathways of administration
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Dosage Forms

Gravimetric precipitation method was applied to determine quantitatively triterpene ester glycosides extracted from: Centella asiatia powder, Centasia tablets, Dissovable Tea containing Centella asiatica and Polygonum multiflorum. This method showed simple and easily applicable. It will be evaluated accuracy and reliability in the further study for using in drug quality control.
Centella ; Dosage Forms ; Plants, Medicinal ; Medicine, Traditional

The problems in changing preparation of traditional Chinese medicine were analyzed. We explained what the researcher should pay attention to, such as item of purpose and gist, and clinical trail technology requirement, combined with the current regulations.
Dosage Forms ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

PURPOSE: It has been reported in several for factors on the drug compliance of patients, number of drug being taken, symptom, and pharmaceutical dosage form. However, Studies of drug compliance by dosing methodologies of tamsulosin, finasteride combination therapy and symptom relief for benign prostatic hyperplasia has not been performed. Therefore, we studied for symptom and differences in medication adherence in method of administration of tamsulosin, finasteride combination therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The groups were consisted in need of combination therapy of tamsulosin, finasteride on benign prostatic hyperplasia, one had packaged both drugs together (Group A, n=30) and the other were individually packaged both agents (Group B, n=30). International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS) were checked on first, 4weeks, and 8weeks. The evaluation was carried out of medicine compliance by checking the number of drugs 4weeks-interval. which was every 4weeks during 8weeks. RESULTS: The properties other than the PSA in both groups, there was no statistically significant differences between patients. In first 4weeks, drug compliance of each Group A and B had tamsulosin 82.6%, 93.3% (p=0.033), finasteride 80.1%, 93.3% (p=0.042), and last 4weeks tamsulosin 80.6%, 93.7% (p=0.013), finasteride 79.5%, 93.7% (p=0.002) were checked. Group C, D had 81.4%, 96.4% (p=0.021) on 4weeks, 80.6%, 97.2% (p=0.011) on 8weeks. CONCLUSIONS: For co-administration of finasteride and tamsulosin are required in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, in order to enhance drug compliance, both tablets have to prescript together in one package to be taken at one time is useful.
Compliance ; Dosage Forms ; Finasteride* ; Humans ; Medication Adherence* ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Tablets

Models are simplified descriptions of true biological processes. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling is a mathematical description on the relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The PK/PD modeling allows estimation of PK/PD parameters and it can establish dose-concentration-response relationships which describe and predict the effect-time courses of a drug. PK/PD modeling has recently emerged as a major tool in clinical pharmacology in order to optimize drug uses by designing rational dosage forms. Population analysis is used to estimate the variability in the population and also to establish guidelines for the individualization of drug dosage regimen. Non-linear mixed effect model is the basis of population approach. This approach permits the simultaneous analysis for all the data of the studied population, by using either PK or PD models to describe the typical trends (population means) and individual profiles. The target controlled infusion system is based on the population PK models which describe the inter-individual PK variability by individualizing the PK parameters according to the patient's covariate. The PK/PD modeling is highly useful for the development of drugs as well as for pharmacotherapy.
Biological Processes ; Dosage Forms ; Drug Therapy ; Pharmacokinetics ; Pharmacology, Clinical

OBJECTIVETo prepare Maiyanning sustained-release patches and optimize the prescription.

METHODThe mono-factor design was used to screen the formulation of the sustained-release patches.

RESULTThe optimal composition of the formulation was MD-607 as the pressure sensitive adhesive and azone as the penetration enhancer with the content of 5.0%. Drugs released from the pressure-sensitive adhesive patches in a constant speed, it confirmed that the drug was released by zero order equation from the patches.

CONCLUSIONThe prepared patches have an ideal release trait.

OBJECTIVETo optimize the formulation of gel matrix of Saussurea involucrate.

METHODThe formulation of gel containing carbopol, azone, trimethylene glycol and alcohol was optimized by orthogonal design with evaluation indexes such as consistency in room temperature, consistency of average temperature of skin, yield value and rheopexy in room temperature.

RESULTThe optimal proportion of matrix components was made from carbopol-azone-trimethylene glycol-absolute alcohol (2. 0: 2. 0:15.0 : 30.0).

CONCLUSIONThe optimal formulation of S. involucrate gel based the optimal formulation is well-distributed and transparent, it has proper consistency and well rheopexy.

PURPOSE: This study was carried out to investigate perception and experience of medication errors by nurses. METHOD: Data collection through a survey was performed using structured questionnaires over the period of September 1 to October 15, 2004. Questionnaire were delivered to 222 nurses from 15 hospitals; thereafter, 205 questionnaires were responded (i.e., 92% response rate). The subject in the study was a nurse who had been working in the hospital for less than one year. RESULTS: The average perception rate was 87.5%. The perception rates of subjects in medication errors from four areas are 62% in wrong dosage form for drug administration, 61.5% in air into an IV set, 63% in crystals in an IV lines, and 83.5% in wrong time. The experience rates of subjects in medication errors from four areas are 85.5% in wrong time, 39.5% in wrong injection site, 34.5% in omission error, and 28% in wrong patient. CONCLUSION: The average perception rate and experience rates of medication errors were 87.5% and 23.5%, respectively. Education about the Five right in medication and knowledges about drugs would improve the perception of medication errors of nurses whose work experience is less than one year, and prevent them from medication errors.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Dosage Forms ; Education ; Humans ; Medication Errors* ; Questionnaires

Through the analysis on the methods of medicinal paste preparation, the irritation of skin to medicine and the plaster materials adopted in acupoint plaster therapy for the prevention of winter-attacked disease in summer, the acupoint plaster materials and devices were improved. According to the differences in age, illness condition, acupoint and medicinal irritation of patients, the high-dosage, moderate-dosage and low-dosage series of medicine were prepared in proportion; 2. 5 mL and 5 mL syringes were manually reconstructed as the pushers for the delivery of the medicine paste of different specifications. The new-type materials such as spun-bonded non-woven fabrics, transparent dressing film and spun-laced non-woven skin-color stick plaster were adopted. In the operation, the medicine was classified and prepared more specifically. The dedicated acupoint plaster was characterized as less in skin irritation, breathable in property, convenient in practice and proper in stickiness. The plastic anti-seepage film in the middle and the medicine storage pool for stabilizing medicinal paste could avoid drug leakage. The medicinal paste pusher could achieve the even size, proper thickness and precise dosage of the paste. The new-type plaster material and the self-prepared innovated plaster device contribute to the development of acupoint plaster therapy in clinical application.
Acupuncture Points ; Dosage Forms ; Drug Therapy ; instrumentation ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Humans