Objective To explore the risk factors of liver metastasis from colorectal cancer. Methods The clinic data of 1341 patients with colorectal cancer who had been admitted to our department from January 1989 to December 2004 were analyzed retrospectively. Results The incidence of the liver metastasis from colorectal cancer was 11.56% (155/1341). Univariate analysis showed that sex, location and size of the primary tumor site, regional lymph node metastasis, infiltration depth of the bowel wall, involvement of the adjacent viscera, complications and peritoneal implantation were relevant to liver metastasis (X2=6.517, 10.208, 11.173, 42.160, 80.731,6.593, 3.887, 14.352, P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that sex, regional lymph node metastasis, infiltration depth of the bowel wall, complications and primary tumor site were correlated with liver metastasis ( b = 0.655, -0.488, 1.355, -0.752, 0.273, P <0.05). Conclusions Male patients, patients with regional lymph node metastasis or with involvement of tissues out of the serosa have higher chance of liver metastasis from coloreetal cancer. Patients with colon cancer are apt to develop liver metastasis than those with rectal cancer. The incidence of liver metastasis in colorectal cancer patients complicated with other diseases is low.

PURPOSE: This study explores the experience of university life in an unfamiliar department by first-year graduate students. METHODS: Data were collected from participants through focus group interviews between July and August 2013 using phenomenological research methods. Colsizzi's method was used for analysis after the institutional review board of the university approved the study and informed consent was obtained from the participants. All interviews were recorded on an MP3 recorder and transcribed. RESULTS: The analysis revealed 51 meanings that were categorized by 15 key words into 6 themes: "sense of isolation," "feeling of solidarity," "limitations," "benefits," "overcoming" and "renewing." CONCLUSION: First-year graduate students experience both positive and negative feelings toward "university life"; however, they eventually overcome their difficulties and adapt to the conditions of their field of study and new department.
Ethics Committees, Research ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Nursing* ; Qualitative Research

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hospice unit practice education on spiritual well-being, attitude to death, and hospice awareness of nursing students. METHODS: This study used a one group pre-posttest research design. The participants were 29 nursing students attending D university located in Y City. All students participated in 2 weeks of hospice unit practice education. The hospice unit practice education program consisted of 90 hours. Data collection was performed from March 2 to April 30, 2015. 2 weeks. The data were analyzed using frequency, and paired t-tests, with the SPSS 21.0 program. RESULTS: The results of this study were as followings; the score of existential well-being, attitude to death, necessary of pain and symptom control were significantly increased after hospice unit practice education. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, hospice unit practice education is effective for improving spiritual well-being, attitude to death, and hospice awareness of nursing students. These results provide basic data to develop future nursing practice curriculum.
Attitude to Death* ; Curriculum ; Data Collection ; Education* ; Hospices* ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Research Design ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore essences and meaning in experiences of women who have had spontaneous abortion. METHODS: A phenomenological methodology was used for the study. A total of five women with the spontaneous abortion participated in the study. In-depth interviews were done for data collection, and the data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method. RESULTS: Five theme clusters, along with 32 sub-themes and 13 themes. The five theme clusters were: ‘Waiting and expecting pregnancy’, ‘Desire to overcome the spontaneous abortion’, ‘My baby makes me cry and laugh’, ‘My precious baby’, and ‘Want to hear with sympathy and talk with you’. CONCLUSION: The women who have had the spontaneous abortion experiences can prevent potential physical and psychological complications after miscarriage by getting education and intervention in nursing. Moreover, they may experience that negative factors of the spontaneous abortion can be turned into positive things through emotional support of family and medical teams.
Abortion, Spontaneous* ; Data Collection ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Methods ; Nursing ; Pregnancy ; Qualitative Research

PURPOSE: This study was done to explore deeply the essence and meaning of abortion related experience of nurses. METHODS: Data were collected through in-depth informal interviews, observation, and field records with two nurses from July 1 to July 30, 2015. Data were analyzed using narrative inquiry methodology. RESULTS: Three fundamental themes were derived from data analysis: 'Considering women with abortion-experience as women to be nursed', 'to be absolutely understood', and 'to make us to think how to help'. CONCLUSION: It is significant that this study was carried out holistically on the experience and change in physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects of nurses with abortion-experience, simultaneously interpreting from the prospective of nurses. Therefore the basis of nursing interventions are suggested; holistic aspects as education, counseling, group meetings, and program assistance for the women, the families, and those concerned with abortion- experience.
Counseling ; Education ; Female ; Group Processes ; Humans ; Nursing ; Prospective Studies ; Qualitative Research ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: This study explores male nursing students' experiences with returning to school after military service. METHODS: Data were collected from 18 male nursing students who returned from military service between 2015 and 2017 through focus group interviews. The collected data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method. RESULTS: From the 325 meanings obtained from the study participants, 18 themes and 5 theme clusters were identified. The 5 theme clusters were found to be “way one has to go because he is a man,” “endurance despite hard work,” “gazing from the highland,” “different feeling of the same place,” and “expectation and desire.” CONCLUSION: Male nursing students' experiences in the army had continuous meaning in the adaptive process of them leaving from and return to the university. Therefore, interest and effort within nursing schools and universities are needed so that the military experience can be beneficial to the university life, including the male students' departure and return.
Focus Groups ; Humans ; Male ; Methods ; Military Personnel ; Nursing ; Qualitative Research ; Schools, Nursing ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: The objective of this phenomenological study was to explore nursing students' emotional experiences in the school life. METHODS: Twenty-four nursing students participated in the study. Data were collected from May 2017 to February 2018 using focus group interviews and later analyzed using the Colaizzi's method. RESULTS: In our study, 311 meanings were obtained from the participants, including 19 sub-themes and seven theme clusters. The seven theme clusters were; ‘looking back on the past,’ ‘face to reality,’ ‘recognizing me,’ ‘anxiety about uncertainty,’ ‘nursing student's way,’ ‘looking around,’ and ‘patting for my mind.’ The emotional experiences of nursing students in college life were classified into four categories: ‘self-reflection for growth,’ ‘discovery for growth,’ ‘hoping for growth,’ and ‘search for the growth.’ CONCLUSION: Although nursing students may be equally exposed to anxious and stressful situations, their activities, adaptability and levels of achievement vary depending on emotional experiences of each person. Considering the continuous curriculum of nursing, it is necessary to develop emotional management strategies and relevant training programs considering different types and levels of emotional issues for the nursing students.
Curriculum ; Education ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Methods ; Nursing ; Qualitative Research ; Students, Nursing

Purpose: This study aims to examine differences in experiences of violence and hospital violence attitude according to gender and gender-role identity of clinical nurses. Methods: The quota sampling method, was used to select the research subjects. They were divided into two groups male and female nurses who worked for three general hospitals or higher level-hospitals in Incheon and Gyeongbuk. The data of 219 subjects was used for final analysis. The IBM SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze the data t-test and ANOVA. Results: According to gender, the hospital violence experience of female nurses was oserved frequently when the verbal violence came from guardians, and when the physical threats came from others. For male nurses, the experiences of hospital violence was obserbed. According to gender, the hospital violence attitude revealed significant differences in female nurses that the negative attitude was higher (t=-4.69, p<.001). According to gender-role identity, the undifferentiated and femininity showed significant differences (F=4.86 p=.003). Conclusion The differentiated strategies of coping measures and violence preventive education considering the gender and gender-role identity of clinical nurses would help formulate measures for the effective management of hospital violence.

Purpose: The objective of this phenomenological study was to explore senior nursing students' experiences with the process of getting a job. Methods: Twenty-one nursing students participated in the study. The data were collected from May 2018 to October 2018 using focus group interviews and later analyzed using Colaizzi's method. Results: In our study, four categories, 11 theme clusters, and 32 themes were identified. The four categories were change in becoming a senior, losing strength in own heart, slightly recovering strength, and expectations and wishes from others. Conclusion This study is meaningful because it provides basic data for multidisciplinary alternatives and the evolution of present senior nursing students to reduce job stress by understanding personal, relational, and social experiences in preparation for employment.