Retinoid acid and its derivatives have shown promising perspective in clinical use and lab research on the leukemia and other solid tumor cells.Some of these compounds have a stronger apoptotic potential,a lower level of cytotoxicity and a better pharmacokinetic profile than all-trans retinoic acid.The apoptosis pathways induced by these compounds are different from traditional p53-dependent pathway which recruited by many chemotherapeutics.Due to its specific molecular mechanism,these compounds could induce apoptosis in retinoic acid-resistant or multi-drug-resistant tumor cells.This paper reviews the current research on apoptosis induced by analogues of retinoid acid.

T-type calcium channels are expressed in various tis-sues and play key roles in physiology and pathophysiology,inclu-ding neuronal firing,hormone secretion,pain,and cancer,etc. Hence,it is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms un-derlying the regulation of T-type channels.Substantial literature suggests many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)and related second messengers can modulate T-type channel in some extent. Here,this review focuses on the modulation of T-type calcium channels by GPCRs and related second messengers.

Ongoing and rapid development in medical science makes the improvement of English language abilities crucial for students. The paper sets out now to:develop excellent teaching methods, form a qualified and dedicated teaching faculty, focus on individual teaching methods, make English interesting and popular among students, and manage the process to maximize the value of the investment.

Objective: To study the clinicopathological features of breast invasive micropapillary carcinoma and its treatment and prognosis. Methods: Clinical data, radiological examination, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, therapeutic regimen and follow-up results of 16 cases of invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast were collected. The clinicopathological features, immunophenotype, imaging findings, treatment and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed. Results: All the 16 cases were female, with mean age of 56.3 years (40 to 89 years) . Of the 16 patients, 4 cases were pure invasive micropapillary carcinoma, and 12 cases were mixed invasive micropapillary carcinoma. Among the 12 cases of mixed invasive micropapillary carcinoma, 1 case was mixed with invasive ductal carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma and invasive micropapillary carcinoma, and the remaining 11 cases were all non-specific invasive ductal carcinoma with invasive micropapillary carcinoma. Out of the 16 cases, 13 (81.25%) were invasive micropapillary carcinoma with axillary lymph node metastasis, axillary lymph node metastasis which was more than 4 had 7 cases (43.75%) , clinical stage Ⅲ had 8 cases (50%) . According to the pathological results, 16 cases were treated with individualized comprehensive treatment. Of the 16 patients, 14 were followed up and 2 were lost. Conclusion Breast infiltrating micropapillary carcinoma is a rare type of breast cancer, with high rate of axillary lymph nodes metastasis, aggressive lymphatic invasiveness, high malignancy degree and poor prognosis.

Objective: To investigate the expression and clinicopathological significance of high mobility group box protein B1 (HMGB1) protein in breast cancer. Methods: The expression of HMGB1 protein in 26 normal breast tissues and 417 invasive breast cancer tissues diagnosed at Dongyang People′s Hospital, Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2018 were detected by immunohistochemical EnVision method. The relationship between nuclear and cytoplasmic HMGB1 protein expression and clinicopathologic features of breast cancer patients were analyzed. Results: The nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of HMGB1 protein was 80.8% (337/417) and 16.8% (70/417) respectively in breast cancer, and was 46.2%(12/26) and 0(0/26) respectively in normal breast tissue. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of HMGB1 protein in breast cancer were significantly higher than normal breast tissue (P<0.001, P=0.046, respectively). The nuclear expression of HMGB1 protein was also higher in high grade, estrogen receptor (ER) negative, progesterone receptor (PR) negative (P=0.006, P=0.004, P<0.001, respectively); whereas the cytoplasmic expression of HMGB1 protein was also higher in high grade, estrogen receptor (ER) negative, progesterone receptor (PR) negative (P<0.001 in all) breast cancers. Multivariate logistic regression model showed that nuclear HMGB1 expression correlated with histologic grade (OR=2.188, 95%CI=1.078-4.443, P=0.030), while cytoplasmic HMGB1 expression correlated with histologic grade (OR=3.031, 95%CI=1.600-5.742, P=0.001), ER (OR=0.129, 95%CI=0.034-0.494, P=0.003) and TNM staging (OR=3.820, 95%CI=1.042-14.001, P=0.043). Multivariate analysis of Cox proportional hazard model showed that nuclear HMGB1 expression was an independent risk factor for the overall survival of breast cancer patients (HR=0.366, 95%CI=0.138-0.972, P=0.044). Conclusion Nuclear and cytoplasmic HMGB1 proteins are related to multiple poor prognostic factors in breast cancer, and may be a potential biomarker for breast cancer treatment.

OBJECTIVETo study the expression of fascin-1 protein in breast cancer and to evaluate its correlation with clinicopathologic features of the tumor.

METHODSImmunohistochemical EnVision method was performed to evaluate the expression of fascin-1 in 23 cases of normal breast tissues, 69 cases of benign breast lesions, 58 cases of usual ductal hyperplasia (UDH), 61 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 221 cases of breast cancer from March 2007 to December 2011.

RESULTSFascin-1 protein expression rates in normal breast tissues, benign breast lesions, UDH, DCIS and breast cancer were 100.0% (23/23), 89.9% (62/69), 13.8% (8/58), 19.7% (12/61), and 42.1% (93/221), respectively. Fascin-1 expression in normal breast tissues and benign breast lesions was significantly higher than those in UDH, DCIS and breast cancer (P < 0.01); Fascin-1 expression in breast cancer was significantly higher than those in UDH and DCIS (P < 0.01). There was a tendency of increased fascin-1 expression in DCIS compared to UDH, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Fascin-1 positive rates in patients with DCIS grade III (26.8%, 11/41) was significantly higher than that in patients with DCIS grade I-II (1/20, P < 0.05). Fascin-1 protein expression in breast cancer increased with increasing histologic grade and clinical stage (P < 0.01). Fascin-1 protein expression was also significantly higher in tumors with negative estrogen receptor (ER) and progestone receptor (PR) status and > 3 axillary lymph node metastases compared to tumors that were ER and PR positive and ≤ 3 axillary lymph node metastases (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed that fascin-1 expression correlated positively with high clinical stage (OR = 1.568, 95% CI = 1.029-2.387, P < 0.05) , but negatively with ER expression (OR = 0.149, 95% CI = 0.079-0.281, P < 0.01) .

CONCLUSIONSFascin-1 is highly expressed in normal breast tissues and benign breast lesions, suggesting that it may be a biological marker of mature mammary ductal epithelium. Fascin-1 protein expression shows a significantly increasing trend from UDH, DCIS to invasive breast cancer, suggesting that fascin-1 plays an important role in breast carcinogenesis and may be a potential target for therapy.

Axilla ; Breast ; metabolism ; pathology ; Breast Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carcinoma in Situ ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carrier Proteins ; metabolism ; Estrogen Receptor alpha ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; metabolism ; Lymph Nodes ; metabolism ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Microfilament Proteins ; metabolism ; Receptors, Estrogen ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the effect of birth order on outcomes of renal transplantation from siblings.Method We conducted a retrospective study to examine the immune effect exerted by birth order in kidney transplantation between siblings.227 kidney transplants were included and we stratified the cohort by birth order,old to young parings (group A,104 pairs) and young to old pairings (group B,123 pairs),using old to young parings as reference group.Result During the follow-up period,4 recipients suffered graft failure and 2 died.The survival rate of recipients and grafts was 98％ and 95％,respectively.After adjusting the effect of confounding factors in demography,young to old pairings were found at a higher risk of developing death uncensored graft failure (Hazards ratio,HR =2.77,95％ CI..0.23,33.00),which was not significantly different from group A (P =0.42).And group B had a higher risk of developing death censored graft failure (HR =10.79,95％ CI:0.30-389.43),with no statistically significant difference (P＞0.05).Most rejections occurred in two months after transplantation,and the rejection-free rate in 3 years post-transplantation was 86％.Similarly,no significant difference was detected between the two groups in terms of death censored graft failure,and no benefit of birth order was found in rejection protection (HR =1.266,95％ CI:0.391,4.103,P =0.694).Conclusion Birth order may not be taken into consideration in kidney transplantation between siblings.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the genetic causes of deaf patients in a special educational school of Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia by SLC26A4 whole gene sequencing. This study focused on analyzing mutations of coding sequence of SLC26A4 gene and their relevant phenotype. METHODS DNA were extracted from peripheral blood of 134 deaf patients of Chifeng special educational school and 100 normal hearing controls in Northern China. SLC26A4 gene mutation was analyzed by direct sequencing for its 20 coding exons. All individuals found with SLC26A4 mutation were given temporal bone CT scan, and those with confirmed enlarged vestibular aqueduct and/or other malformation of inner ear were then given further ultrasound scan of thyroid and thyroid hormone assays. RESULTS The sequencing results revealed 32 cases carried SLC26A4 mutation. Twenty-nine cases underwent temporal bone CT scan. Twentycases were confirmed to have malformation of inner ear by CT scan (eighteen were EVA, one was EVA and other inner ear malformation and one was Mondini Syndrome). The shape and function of thyroid were confirmed to be normal by ultrasound scan of thyroid and thyroid hormone assays in nineteen of these 20 patients except one who had cystoid change in the right side of thyroid. Twelve types of novel variants of SLC26A4 gene were found. CONCLUSION Byscreening SLC26A4 gene coupled with temporal bone CT scan ,we could determine genetic cause related to this gene up to 14.93 % of deaf patients in special educational school of Chifeng city. SLC26A4 is another common gene besides GJB2 that cause deafness in this area. The discovery of novel variants of SLC26A4 gene makes the mutational and polymorphic spectrum more plentiful in Chinese population.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the curative effect of CI in children with GJB2-associated NSSNHL. METHOD: The evaluations of curative effect with CI include auditory threshold, IT-MAIS/MAIS, CAP, SIR. MESP. The outcomes of 40 cases with GJB2-associated NSSNHI, were compared 80 patients with negative results of screening of gene mutation (control group). RESULT: In comparison with control group the auditory threshold in children with GJB2-associated NSSNIL is better, however had no significant difference in other tests (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION CI could he performed on children with GJB2-associated NSSNHL. Postoperative outcomes of hearing and speech were satisfied.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cochlear Implantation ; Connexin 26 ; Connexins ; genetics ; Female ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; genetics ; surgery ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Mutation ; Treatment Outcome

Objective:To explore the clinical effect of the second toenail flap with the dorsal bone of the phalange in repairing the defect of fingernail bed.Methods:From January, 2012 to June, 2019, 10 patients with large area of fingernail bed defect were treated by the second toenail flap with bone on the back of the phalanx. The survival of the flap was observed after the operation, and the fracture healing, the shape of the nail and the flexion and extension function of the finger joint were observed in the outpatient follow-up.Results:All flaps of the second toenail survived. The average follow-up period was 8 (4-12) months. The fractured ends of 10 patients' phalanges healed well without nonunion, good appearance of toenail and deformity of toenail. The recovery of hand function was evaluated according to the evaluation standard of upper limb function of Hand Surgery Society of Chinese Medical Association, 9 cases were excellent, and 1 case was good.Conclusion:The second toenail flap with dorsal bone of the phalanx preserved is easy to cut, simple to operate, and has good clinical effect. It is a good method to repair the defect of the fingernail bed.