Objective To establish a rabbit model of hypospadias finasteride to further stadying molecular mechanisma of hypospadias etiology. Methods forty pregnant new zealand rabbits were randomly divided into five groups. Finasteride was fed with 0days(group A), 4 days (group B), 5 days (group C), 6 days (group D), 7 days (group E) which began at GD(gestation days) 19, 10 mg?kg-1?d-1. The appearance of penis and the position of urethras orifice were exmamined to observe hypospadias on postnatal day 35; the second observation was performed to observe retained testicle and the Severity of hypospadias on postnatal day 70, all of the male rabbits were anatomized to observe the development of didymus. Results Hypospadias was seen in group A(0)、group B(22.2%)、group C(95.5%)、group D(85.2%)、group E(100%),and Severity of hypospadias can be divided into 3 degrees. Retained testicle was seen in group A(0)、group B(0)、group C(36.4%)、group D(40.7%)、group E(73.3%). Conclusions The experimental model of hypospadias induced by finasteride is stable.

Objective To investigate the expression of Ki-67 in bladder transitional cell carcinoma and its relationship with grade and stage. Methods Immunohistochemistry method were used to detect the expression of Ki-67 in bladder transitional cell carcinoma and control groups. Results The positive expression rate of Ki-67 antigen in 60 cases of bladder cancer, 20 cases of benign bladder disease and 10 cases normal bladder mucosa were 25.9 %, 10.3 % and 1.1 %. There were significantly difference among each group. The more grade and stage, the greater expression of Ki-67 antigen. Conclusion Ki-67 antigen is related to cell proliferation. The expression of the Ki-67 antigen in bladder cancer is closely related to the grade extent of tumor, and it is an important cell proliferation indicator. As a signal, Ki-67 antigen reflects cell proliferation, measurement of the expression of the Ki-67 antigen could reflect the condition of tumor cell proliferation. It might be an important prognostic factor for judging the occurrence, development and prognosis of the tumor.

Objective To investigate the relationship beween bladder relaxation characters and 3-adrenergic receptor level in DM rats. Methods The studying subjects consist of induced diabetes and normal control rats,30 rats in each group,to detect bladder relaxation charaters in 2 groups and its relationship with 3-adrenergic receptor,cAMP contents.Western blot was performed to probe 3-adrenergic receptor.cAMP products of bladder was studied with radioimmunoassay. Results Bladder relaxation in response to isoproterenal stimulation was observed. Bladder pressure of streptozotocin induced diabetes rats at week 2,4,12 were (11.8?2.3),(11.9?2.2),(11.5?3.0)cm H_2O respectively,and (32.8?7.6),(33.9? 5.2 ),(34.7?2.7)cm H_2O in control group.3-adrenergic receptor level in diabetes group were (104?7),(105?11),(126?14)?m at week 2,4,12,and in control group (151?11),(151?10),(152?13)?m.cAMP products were detected at the same time points,namely,(0.195?0.026),(0.198?0.030),( 0.109? 0.031)pmol/L in diabetes group,and (0.349?0.051),(0.350?0.052),(0.353?0.051)pmol/L in control group. Conclusions Relaxation abilities is impaired in diabetes bladder.Though 3-adrenergic receptor level was up-regulated,cAMP products is donw-regulated,which is responsible for detrusor relaxation.3-adrenergic receptor pathway is impaired via donw-regulating cAMP products in diabetes cystopathy.

BACKGROUND: Repeated blood transfusion and recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) have been previously used to improve anemia following chronic renal failure; however, their clinical applications are extremely limited by various side effects. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of allograft renal transplantation with rhEpo on anemia following chronic renal failure via verieying quality and quantity of some examines. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A randomized grouping animal study was performed in Laboratory of Physiology. Shanxi Medical University from June 2004 to March 2005.MATERIALS: Eighty healthy adult male Wistar rats collected as receptors were injected with doxorubicin hydrochloride (6.5 mg/kg)into caudal vein three times per week for six weeks in total. Right kidney was then exsected to establish model of chronic renal failure. Another 20 newborn Wistar rats (3-4 days old, of both Sexes) were selected as donor. RhEpo (2000 U/mL) was provided by Shangdong Ahua Pharmaceutical Company (batch number-99435). METHODS: 20 adult rats in the control group did not undergo any treatments, and then other 60 adult rats were randomly divided into three groups of 20 rats per group after chronic renal failure modeling. Adult rats in the transplantation group underwent multidrop wansplantation of renal tissue into renal envelop; adult rats in the rhEpo group were intraperitoneally injected with rhEpo (30U/kg) three times Der week for six successive weeks in total; adult rats in the model group did not undergo any treatrnents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: SABC assay was used to detect expression and distribution of rhEpo in reDal tissue and graft. ELISA was used to directly measure level of serum rhEpo in angular vein, routine assay was used to measure level of hemoglobin, and the corresponding kits were used to measure content of Na+-K+ATPaSe. activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD).and level of malondialdehyde (MDA)in erythrocyte membrane. RESULTS: rhEpo-antigen positive reaction showed a strongly positive expression in the control group. a weakly positive or an absent expression in the model group, and a strongly positive expression in the transplantation group. There were significant differences in the model group as compared to other two groups(P＜0.01).After 30,45,and 60 days, rhEpo level and numbers of hemoglobin and erythrocytes were higher in the rhEpo group and transplantation group than those in the model group(P＜0.05-0.01).After 60 days,rhEpo level in the rhEpo group was higher than that in the transplantation group (P＜0.05).On the other hand,after 30,45,and 60 days,MDA content in the rhEpo group and transplantation group was lower than that in the model group(P＜0.05).but there were no significant difeerences between rhEpo group and transplantation group(P＞0.05).Changes of SOD and Na+-K+ATPase were opposite to MDA among these groups.CONCLUSION:Renal transplantation can increase quality and quantity of erythrocytes of rats with anemia caused by chronic renal failure.The eflfect is equivalent to rhEpo.

150 ml in 22 patients (31%).Ten patients (14%) had detru-sor instability.Six patients were incapable to void during the test. The volume of first bladder sensation was(203.25?107.53)ml (range,125 -630 ml) in the diabetes patients.The bladder capacity was (428.09?227.89)ml (range,220 -1350 ml).The maximum flow rate was (10.70?3.27) ml/min.The residualurine volume was (100.57?108.08) ml.In early stage group the volume of first bladder sensation was(151.67?24.07) ml;while in progressive stage group it was (268.16?13.90)ml,and bladder capacitywas (592.97?252.51)ml.The maximum flow rate was (8.61?2.04) ml/min. PQmax was (33.16?19.81)cm H2O (1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa).The residual urine volume was (169.03?137.25) ml. Theseparameters were all abnormal. In the detrusor strips test,the threshold of the tension which made the detrusorstrips contract was significantly higher in T2DM rats [(0.72?0.33) g] than in control rats [(0.32?0.18)g] (F=59.63,P

Objective To evaluate transurethral endosco pic management of 15 cases of ureterocele encountered between 1990 and 2000. Methods All the medical documents were reviewed and analyse d. Results The diagnosis of all the cases was establishe d on IVU,ultrasonography and endoscopy.Transurethral incision of ureterocele was undertaken for 6 cases,and transurethral unroofing for 9.All the patients have been followed up for 6～36 months with the hydronephrosis abated.No vesicoureter al reflux has been noted. Conclusions Transurethral inte rvention of ureterocele is simple and effective rendering minimal trauma to the patients.Transurethral unroofing is an effective means to treat ureterocele.

Objective To make the surgical therapy of urethral stricture and occlusion more effective. Methods 154 patients treated in our hospital were included in this retrospective study,of these cases,40 cases were in anterior urethra and 114 in posterior part.Based on etiology,106 cases were from trauma,15 from infection and 33 from idiopathic causes.Open surgery was performed on 34 cases and endoscopic therapy on 120 cases. Results All of the anterior urethral cases were treated successfully,among them,18 cases were with open surgery and 22 with endoscopic surgery.Normal urination was achieved on the follow-up from 6 months to 12 months.Within posterior urethral stricture and occlusion situation,open surgery was in 16 cases with 10 cases of normal urination and endoscopic surgery in 98 cases with 92 cases of normal urination.6 cases with open surgery and 5 cases with endoscopy resulted in postoperative dysuria or anuria.Urethral stricture and occlusion were shown in all these unsuccessful operation according to our urethrogram. Conclusions Good result can be achieved by both open and endoscopic surgery in anterior urethral stricture.In case of posterior urethral condition,endoscopic procedure is the best choice.

Objective To find the differences of bladder and urethra dysfunction between sacral spinal cord injury and Thoracolumbar spinal cord injury.Methods According to the criteria of inclusion and exclusion, we collected 30 patients in the study group.There were 22 males and 8 females, aged 17 -74 ( mean, 47 ) years, with duration between 7 - 36 ( mean, 18) months.There were nineteen cases of thoracolumbar spinal cord injury and 11 cases of sacral spinal cord injury in the study group.We conducted a retrospective analysis of the urodynamic data of the 30 patients in the group.They were divided into a sacral spinal cord injury group and a thoracolumbar spinal cord injury group according to the location of the site of injury.The urodynamic findings of the two groups were comparable.SPSS 16.0 was used to compare the differences between the groups by ANOVA/rank sum test.Results We measured the free flow rate parameters between thoracolumbar and sacral spinal cord injury groups.The maximum free flow rate was ( 13.0 ±5.1 ) vs ( 13.0 ±5.8) ml/s, the free flow rate at 2 s was (6.5 ±5.1 ) vs (6.9 ±6.4) ml/s, the mean free flow rate was (5.4± 2.4) vs ( 3.4 ± 0.5 ) ml/s, urine output volume was ( 279.1 ±131.1 ) vs (450.0 ± 26.6) ml and the residual urine volume was (209.5 ± 180.7 ) vs (434.0 ± 215.0) ml.The residual urine volume and urine output volume of sacral the spinal cord injury group was higher than the thoracic spinal cord injury group (P ＜ 0.05).We also measured the the cystometric parameters.The maximum urinary flow rate was (16.0±23.3) vs (7.1 ±3.3) ml/s, average flow rate was (4.6 ±2.3) vs (3.9 ± 2.3) ml/s, the flow rate after voiding 2 s was (4.6 ± 3.1 ) vs (2.2 ± 3.2) ml/s, urine output volume was (268.4 ± 113.9) vs ( 129.0 ± 97.9) ml, detrusor pressure of maximum flow rate was (58.8 ± 22.0) vs (56.5 ± 14.5) cm H2 O, flow rate of maximum detrusor pressure was (4.8 ± 2.0) vs (4.8 ± 4.4) ml/s,the maximum detrusor pressure was (68.0 ± 31.0) vs (54.6 ± 20.2) cm H2O and the average pressure of voiding period was (47.4 ±20.0) vs (42.6 ± 13.9) cm H2O.The urine output volume of the thoracolumbar spinal cord injury group was lower than sacral spinal cord injury group ( P ＜ 0.05 ).There were no significant differences in bladder sensation and coordination of bladder/urethra between the thoracolumbar spinal cord injury group and the sacral spinal cord injury group (P ＞ 0.05).The incidence of low compliance bladder in the thoracolumbar spinal cord injury patients (4/11) was higher than the sacral spinal injury group, the incidence of high compliance bladder in the sacral spinal cord injury patients (11/19) was higherthan the thoracolumbar group.Conclusions The urodynamics' difference between the sacral spinal cord injury group and thoracolumbar spinal cord injury group was observed in bladder compliance and bladder detrusor contractility changes.Relatively, the incidence of decreased detrusor contractility and high compliance bladder in sacral spinal cord injury patients was higher, and the cidence of detrusor hyperreflexia and low compliance bladder in thoracolumbar spinal cord injury patients was higher.

Objective To compare the different expression patterns of survivin and caspase-3 between the larger part and the smaller part of the dissymmetric enlarged prostates in BPH patients, and to clarify the role of apoptosis in BPH etiology. Methods BPH tissues from 25 patients were embedded in paraffin. The specimens constituted of two prostate parts from each patient. One part was from the larger enlarged gland and the other was from the smaller enlarged counterpart. 50 paraf-fin blocks were cut into sections and stained with survivin and caspase-3 polyclonal antibodies against human. All the data was analyzed by SPSS13.0 software. Results Survivin immunoreactivity was localized in prostatic cell nuclei. Survivin expression in larger enlarged parts (22.08±16. 33)0% was significantly higher than the smaller parts (7. 645±5. 45)%(P<0.01). Positive nuclear or cytoplasm staining was also observed in the Caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Caspase-3 expression was higher in smaller enlarged parts (51. 525±27. 27%) than in larger enlarged parts (33. 125±21.01%) (P< 0.01). Survivin expression in larger part of the enlarged prostates was inversely correlated with caspase-3 expression (r=-0. 474, P<0. 05). However, in smaller part of the enlarged prostates, the expression of the two factors had no relation (r=-0. 313,P>0. 05). Conclusions Survivin and caspase-3 expression patterns are different in the two parts of the dissymmetric enlarged prostates. These different patterns indicate apoptosis playing an important role in BPH development.

Objective To investigate and compare the effects of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy for renal upper calyceal stones with approaches through upper edge of the 1 lth rib and lower edge of the 11th fib.Methods Two hundred and sixteen cases of kidney stones in our hospital from July 2008 to July 2010 were reviewed.Of which 66 patients were renal calyceal stones.Thirty-two patients underwent the approach through upper edge of the 11th rib (group A),with 15 males and 17 females,with a mean age of 42 years.Ten cases with stone were located on the left side,right 21 cases,and bilateral 1 case,with calculi average maximum diameter of 1.9 cm.Thirty-four cases underwent the approach through lower edge of the 11th path (B group),with 14 males and 20 females,with a mean age of 44 years.Thirteen cases with stone were located on the left side,right 21 cases,with calculi average maximum diameter of 1.7 cm.The two groups underwent minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy holmium laser lithotripsy lithotomy.The average puncture time,one-time success rate of puncture and disposable stone-free rate were compared.Results Puncture time of group A was 3.0-14.0 min,with an average of 5.8 min,and group B was 3.0-17.0 min with an average of 6.4 min.The disposable puncture success rate of the two groups was 100％.Disposable stone-free rate was 100％ in group A (32/32),and 88％ in group B (30/34) (P ＜ 0.05).There were no pneumothorax,hemothorax,abdominal viscera injury in two groups.Conclusions The minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy through the approach of upper edge of the llth fib was better than through the approach of conventional lower edge of 11 subcostal margin,with shorter percutaneous renal access distance,and higher stone-free rate.