Objective To investigate influence of dexmedetomidine on postoperative cognitive function in elder patients after hip re-placement surgery under spinal anesthesia. Methods Forty elderly patients with ASAⅠ~Ⅲ,undergoing hip replacement with spinal anesth-sia,were randomly divided into dexmedetomidine group( group A) and normal saline group( group B) ,with 20 patients in each group. Dexme-detomidine was given with 1 μg/kg after anesthesia and followed with 0. 5 μg·kg-1 ·h-1 in group A. The equal volume of normal saline was infused in group B. Cognitive function was evaluated before anesthesia,3 and 7 days after surgery by mini-mental state examination( MMSE) . The intraoperative concentration of TNF-α,IL-6,MDA were detected at the time of before surgery(T0),end of surgery(T1),3 days after sur-gery(T2),7 days after suegery. Results There was no significant difference in MMSE score before anesthesia between the two groups (P>0. 05). The difference of MMSE score at postoperative 3 days between two groups was statistical significance (P<0. 05). The MMSE score recovered normal in both groups 7 days later. There was no significant difference of TNF-α,IL-6,MDA concentration at T0 between two groups(P>0. 05). Compared with T0,the concentration of TNF-α,IL-6,MDA at T1,T2 in group B increased,the difference was significant. And the concentration of IL-6 at T1 in group A decreased,compared with that at T0,the difference was significant(P<0. 05). The concentra-tion of TNF-α,IL-6 at T1,T2 and MDA at T2 in group A were lower than those in group B,the difference was significant. (P<0. 05). Con-clusion Dexmedetomidine can decreased the concentration of TNF-α,IL-6,MDA,and improve the postoperative cognitive dysfunction of eld-erly patients who finished the hip replacement surgery under spinal anesthesia.

Objective To evaluate efficacy of rotigaptide ZP123 on prevention of negative chronotropic effect caused by dexmedetomidine lengthening repolarization duration of the isolated rat hearts.Methods Eighteen healthy adult SD rats of either gender,weighing (300±30) g,were prepared isolated heart perfusion model by Langendorff.After 15 min perfusion and balance of K-H fluid,the isolated hearts were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6 each): The hearts were continuously pefused for 30 min with 37℃ K-H solution in control group (group C),with dexmedetomidine 50 ng/ml in dexmedetomidine group (group D),or with rotigaptide 80 nmol/L combined with dexmedetomidine 50 ng/ml in rotigaptide combined with dexmedetomidine group (group ZD).In the whole Langendorff-perfused hearts,at the end of balanced infusion for 15 min (T0) and at 15(T1),30(T2) min of continued perfusion with K-H solution,the monophasic action potential (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded from left anterior free wall,MAP duration at 50% repolarization (MAPD50) and at 90% repolarization (MAPD90),monophasic action potential amplitude (MAPA) and maximal velocity (Vmax) were calculated.Results Compared with T0,HR in group D was significantly declined at T1,T2;MAPD90 and MAPD50 in group D were significantly increased at T1,T2 (P<0.05).Compared with groups C and ZD,HR in group D was significantly declined at T1,T2;MAPD90 and MAPD50 in group D were significantly increased at T1,T2 (P<0.05).There was no significant difference in MAPA and Vmax between the three groups.Conclusion Rotigaptide antagonizes negative chronotropic effect induced by dexmedetomidine through shortening monophasic action potential duration in the myocardium of left ventricle of the isolated rat hearts.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to grade hypervascularized mass lesions in CE MR imaging of the breast by analyzing morphology and dynamic characteristics.MethodsCriteria for the evaluation of breast MR findings were used,including the analysis of shape,margin,internal enhancement characteristics,initialenhancementphase,anddelayedphaseenhancementpattern.Atotalof 188 hypervascularized mass lesions were analyzed,and scores were given from 1 to 10 points and then the mass was classified into one of five categories.Next,the score results and pathology results were used to calculate the ROC curve and to find out the optimal benign and malignant diagnosis points.According to these results,the lesions were classified as benign or malignant.The sensitivity and specificity of this classification system were also calculated.ResultsOut of the 188 hypervascularized mass lesions,91 lesions were confirmed to be malignant by pathologic diagnosis and 97 to be benign.The area under the ROC curve was 0.938 ± 0.016.This curve was used to calculate the optimal point of differentiation diagnosis,and it was found to be a score of 5.The 188 lesions were classified into grade Ⅱ of 24 lesions,grade Ⅲ of 72,grade Ⅳ of 54,and grade Ⅴ of 38.Sensitivity for the detection of malignancy using this classification system was 87.91％ and specificity was 87.62％.If the three cases with false negative results of ductal carcinoma in situ of grade Ⅲ were excluded,the specificity increased to 90.90％.Conclusion The classification based on a multifactorial analysis is very helpful in the objective interpretation of breast CE MRI.

Objective To evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine on the electrophysiological stability of ventricular myocardium and the expression of gap junction connexin43 (Cx43) in rats in an in vitro experiment.Methods Healthy adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes,weighing 270-330 g,were anesthetized with 3.0％ pentobarbital sodium 50 mg/kg.Their hearts were excised and retrogradely perfused in a Langendorff apparatus with K-H solution saturated with 95％ 02-5％ CO2 at 37 ℃.Twelve isolated rat hearts were divided into 2 groups (n =6 each) using a random number table:control group (group C) and dexmedetomidine group (group D).After 15 min of perfusion with K-H solution,hearts were continuously perfused for 30 min with K-H solution in group C or with K-H solution containing dexmedetomidine 50 ng/ml in group D.The monophasic action potential (MAP) and ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) of the left ventricular myocardium were recorded.Myocardial MAP duration at 90％ repolarization (MAPD90) and the ratio of VERP to MAPD9.(VERP/MAPD90) were calculated.Repetitive regular stimuli (S1) were followed by a single extrastimulus (S2),and the longest pacing cycle length of ventricular fibrillation threshold and development of ventricular arrhythmia were recorded.Left ventricular myocardial tissues were obtained for detection of the expression of myocardial Cx43 by Western blot.Results Compared with group C,the MAPD90 and VERP were significantly prolonged,VERP/MAPD90 ratio was decreased,the longest pacing cycle length of ventricular fibrillation threshold was prolonged,the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia was increased,and the expression of myocardial Cx43 was down-regulated in group D (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can decrease the electruphysiological stability of ventricular myocardium and down-regulate the expression uf Cx43,thus increasing the risk of arrhythmia in rats in an in vitro experiment.

ObjectiveFrom the changes of expression of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) in rats with traumatic brain injury under mild hypothermia treatment with Shenfu decoction as a subsidiary, to speculate the mechanism of protective effect of the decoction on the injury.Methods Ninety Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three groups by random number table: non-transfection control group, adenovirus mediated immune flourescent reverse transcription virus group (blank AD5-GFP transfection group) and adenovirus mediated immune flourescent reverse transcription virus carrying CIRP silent expression gene group (AD5-GFP-CIRP-SiRNA transfection group), 30 rats in each groups. Then, each group was subdivided into three subgroups: model group, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) low and high dose groups, 10 rats in each subgroup. After the mild hypothermia treatment for 48 hours, in the TCM low dose group and high dose group, a dose of TCM 1 mL/kg and 5 mL/kg was injected via a tail vein into the rat respectively, while in the model group, 1 mL/kg normal saline was injected into the same vein, once a day for consecutive 2 days in all the groups. Before modeling in the blank AD5-GFP transfection group and AD5-GFP-CIRP-SiRNA transfection group, virus transfection models were reproduced at first by one-time intrathecal injection of 0.1 mL AD5-GFP and 0.1 mL (1×1010 pfu/mL) AD5-GFP-CIRP-SiRNA virus vector respectively, and in model group, 0.1 mL normal saline was given. The rat cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus part were collected, the brain cell apoptosis was detected by transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL), the CIRP mRNA expression in the cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus part was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the protein expressions of rat sarcoma protein Raf, Ras, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphorylation ERK (p-ERK), mitogen activated protein kinase (MEK), p-MEK were determined by Western Blot.Results The brain tissue cell apoptosis indexes (AI) in the cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus part in TCM low, high dose group of non-transfection control and blank AD5-GFP transfection group were lower than those in model group, and the expressions of CIRP mRNA were higher than those in model group, there were no significant differences in AI and CIRP mRNA in the cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus between model, TCM low and high dose groups of AD5-GFP-CIRP-SiRNA transfection group, but AI was significantly higher and CIRP mRNA was significantly lower than that in corresponding subgroups of AD5-GFP transfection control group and blank AD5-GFP transfection group. Western Blot detection showed that: Raf/Ras, p-MEK/MEK protein expressions revealed no statistical significant differences in different parts of each group (allP > 0.05), the p-ERK/ERK protein expression in the cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus part was significantly lower in TCM low and high dose group than that in the model group of non-transfection control group and blank AD5-GFP transfection group, the degree of descent in the TCM high dose group being more significant (the cortex: non-transfection control group was 7.2±1.0 vs. 15.3±1.8, AD5-GFP transfection group was 8.1±0.7 vs. 16.2±1.5; hippocampus part: non-transfection control group was 6.6±0.8 vs. 14.7±2.0, AD5-GFP transfection group was 6.8±1.0 vs. 14.9±1.3; hypothalamus part: non-transfection control group was 9.4±1.1 vs. 12.7±1.7, AD5-GFP transfection group was 10.6±1.3 vs. 9.4±1.1, allP < 0.05). There were no significant statistical differences in p-ERK/ERK protein expression in above brain parts between AD5-GFP-CIRP-SiRNA transfection subgroups (allP > 0.05).Conclusions The Shenfu decoction used in rats with brain trauma under treatment of mild hypothermia is possibly by promoting CIRP over-expression, lowering ERK expression and inhibiting the initiation of signal transduction of the secondary transcription factor phosphorylation, thereby the neural cell apoptosis is decreased and play a subsidiary role of anti-apoptosis of mild hypothermia.

Objective To evaluate the effect of sevoflurane on memory retrieval in mice and the role of hippocampal PSD95 and amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptor.Methods Sixty-four healthy pathogen-free Kuming mice of both sexes,aged 2-3 months,weighing 30-35 g,were divided into control group (n =32) and sevoflurane group (n =32) in a stratified randomized block design.The ability of memory retrieval was evaluated using dark avoidance test.After setting up the memory of dark avoidance,the mice inhaled 40％ oxygen for 2 h in control group and 3.3％ sevofluane in 40％ oxygen for 2 h in sevoflurane group.Dark avoidance test was performed at 12,24,48 and 72 h after the end of oxygen or sevoflurane inhalation (T1-4),and the test results and development of amnesia were recorded.The animals were sacrificed after behavior test at each time point,and brains were removed and cut into sections which were stained with haematoxylin and eosin for examination of the pathological changes of hippocampal CA1 area (under a light microscope) and for determination of the expression of PSD95 and AMPA receptors in hippocampi (using immunohistochemistry and Western blot).Results Compared with control group,the step-in latency and test results of error times were significantly decreased,the expression of PSD95 and AMPA receptors in hippocampus was down-regulated,and the incidence of amnesia was increased at T1 and T2 in sevoflurane group (P＜0.05).Compared with the basic results,no significant change was found in the step-in latency or test results of error times in control group (P＞0.05),and the step-in latency and test results of error times were significantly decreased at T1 and T2 in sevoflurane group (P＜0.05).Apoptosis in pyramidal cells was not found in sevoflurane group.Conclusion Sevoflurane can inhibit the ability of memory retrieval transiently in mice,and the mechanism is related to inhibiting the expression of hippocampal PSD95 and AMPA receptors.

BACKGROUND:Superior lower limb mobility is regarded as one of the prerequisites for winning competitions.Wearable resistance training can effectively overcome the deficiency in the transfer efficiency of traditional strength training in enhancing lower limb mobility.Considering that the impact of wearable resistance training based on different body parts on lower limb mobility may have significant differentiated characteristics,it is particularly important to review and summarize the specific application strategies and acute and chronic intervention effects. OBJECTIVE:To comb and analyze acute and chronic intervention effects of wearable resistance training based on different body parts on lower limb mobility,in order to provide insightful and methodological references for optimizing application strategies for lower limb movement ability. METHODS:A literature search was conducted in CNKI,Wanfang,VIP,Web of Science,Medline,SPORTDiscus,and PubMed databases for publications up to October 2023.Chinese and English search terms were"arm,forearm,limb,leg,lower extremity,vest,trunk,resist,weight,load,sprint,agility,change of direction".A total of 60 articles were ultimately included for review after screening the retrieval results. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Trunk loading of 6-20%of body mass is suitable for optimizing acceleration in sprinting,while trunk loading of≤6%body mass is suitable for optimizing high-speed running.A trunk load of 5%body mass is applicable for optimizing change-of-direction movement;forearm,calf,or thigh loading often uses 1%or 2%body mass.(2)Trunk loading optimizes the functional performance of the lower limb stretch-shortening cycle by increasing vertical load.This enhances the efficiency of ground reaction force utilization and strengthens the coordinated stability control of the whole body musculature.Forearm loading effectively enhances the driving force of the upper limb swing,improves the propulsive force of the lower limb sprint,and optimizes the efficiency of inter-limb coordination.Calf loading can impose restrictions on the function of the hip joint,thereby leading to localized load stimulation and compensatory functional enhancement in the knee or ankle joint.Thigh loading partially restricts the peak extension angle and speed of the knee joint,creates specific load stimulation at the hip joint,and significantly improves its rotational kinetic energy output.(3)During larger-angle change-of-direction movements,the impact of calf loading is more significant than thigh loading.Thigh loading stimulation helps to enhance power output,while calf loading stimulation aids in improving stability control and directional change.(4)Currently,wearable resistance training has been proven to be an effective way to improve sprint and change-of-direction performance.The methodological strategies to improve sprint performance are relatively mature,but the optimal application scheme to improve change-of-direction performance needs to be further refined and optimized.Further research is recommended to supplement this area.

Objective To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist?to?height ratio (WHtR), and the incidence risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods In total, 20 194 participants≥18 years old were selected randomly by cluster sampling from two township (town) of the county in Henan province from July to August of 2007 and July to August of 2008 and the investigation included questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, fasting plasma glucose,and lipid profile examination were performed at baseline; 17 236 participants were enrolled in this cohort study. 14 720 (85.4%) were followed up from July to August 2013 and July to October 2014. Finally, 11 643 participants (4 301 males and 7 342 females) were included in this study. Incidence density and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the risk of T2DM associated with baseline BMI, WC, WHtR, and their dynamic changes. Results After average of 6.01 years following up for 11 643 participants, 613 developed T2DM and the incidence density was 0.89 per 100 person?years. After adjusted for baseline sex, age, smoking, drinking, family history of diabetes, as well as the difference of fasting plasma?glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL?C), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between baseline and follow?up, Cox Proportional?Hazards regression analysis indicated that T2DM risk of baseline BMI overweight group, BMI obesity group, abnormal WC group and abnormal WHtR group were significantly higher than that of the corresponding baseline normal groups , and the incidence risk of T2DM reached the highest for those whose baseline BMI, WC and WHtR were all abnormal, the corresponding HR (95%CI) were 2.05 (1.62-2.59), 3.01 (2.33-3.90), 2.34 (1.89-2.90), 2.88 (2.21-3.74), 3.32 (2.50-4.40), respectively. Whether baseline BMI/WC was normal or not, T2DM risk increased if baseline WHtR was abnormal, and the HR (95%CI) of baseline normal BMI/abnormal WHtR group, baseline abnormal BMI/abnormal WHtR group, baseline normal WC/abnormal WHtR group, baseline abnormal WC/abnormal WHtR group were 1.88 (1.29-2.74), 3.08 (2.34-4.05), 2.15 (1.53-3.00), 3.22 (2.45-4.23), respectively. The analysis for dynamic changes of BMI, WC, and WHtR indicated that in baseline normal WC or WHtR group, T2DM risk increased when baseline normal WC or WHtR developed abnormal at follow?up, and the corresponding HR (95%CI) were 1.79 (1.26-2.55), 2.12 (1.32-3.39), respectively. In baseline abnormal WC or WHtR group, T2DM risk decresed when baseline abnormal WC or WHtR reversed to normal at follow?up, and the corresponding HR (95%CI) were 2.16 (1.42-3.29), 2.62 (1.63-4.20), respectively. Conclusion BMI, WC, and WHtR were associated with increased T2DM risk. The more abnormal aggregation of BMI, WC, and WHtR presents, the higher T2DM risk was. T2DM risk could be decreased when abnormal WC or WHtR reversed to normal.

Objective To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist?to?height ratio (WHtR), and the incidence risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods In total, 20 194 participants≥18 years old were selected randomly by cluster sampling from two township (town) of the county in Henan province from July to August of 2007 and July to August of 2008 and the investigation included questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, fasting plasma glucose,and lipid profile examination were performed at baseline; 17 236 participants were enrolled in this cohort study. 14 720 (85.4%) were followed up from July to August 2013 and July to October 2014. Finally, 11 643 participants (4 301 males and 7 342 females) were included in this study. Incidence density and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the risk of T2DM associated with baseline BMI, WC, WHtR, and their dynamic changes. Results After average of 6.01 years following up for 11 643 participants, 613 developed T2DM and the incidence density was 0.89 per 100 person?years. After adjusted for baseline sex, age, smoking, drinking, family history of diabetes, as well as the difference of fasting plasma?glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL?C), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between baseline and follow?up, Cox Proportional?Hazards regression analysis indicated that T2DM risk of baseline BMI overweight group, BMI obesity group, abnormal WC group and abnormal WHtR group were significantly higher than that of the corresponding baseline normal groups , and the incidence risk of T2DM reached the highest for those whose baseline BMI, WC and WHtR were all abnormal, the corresponding HR (95%CI) were 2.05 (1.62-2.59), 3.01 (2.33-3.90), 2.34 (1.89-2.90), 2.88 (2.21-3.74), 3.32 (2.50-4.40), respectively. Whether baseline BMI/WC was normal or not, T2DM risk increased if baseline WHtR was abnormal, and the HR (95%CI) of baseline normal BMI/abnormal WHtR group, baseline abnormal BMI/abnormal WHtR group, baseline normal WC/abnormal WHtR group, baseline abnormal WC/abnormal WHtR group were 1.88 (1.29-2.74), 3.08 (2.34-4.05), 2.15 (1.53-3.00), 3.22 (2.45-4.23), respectively. The analysis for dynamic changes of BMI, WC, and WHtR indicated that in baseline normal WC or WHtR group, T2DM risk increased when baseline normal WC or WHtR developed abnormal at follow?up, and the corresponding HR (95%CI) were 1.79 (1.26-2.55), 2.12 (1.32-3.39), respectively. In baseline abnormal WC or WHtR group, T2DM risk decresed when baseline abnormal WC or WHtR reversed to normal at follow?up, and the corresponding HR (95%CI) were 2.16 (1.42-3.29), 2.62 (1.63-4.20), respectively. Conclusion BMI, WC, and WHtR were associated with increased T2DM risk. The more abnormal aggregation of BMI, WC, and WHtR presents, the higher T2DM risk was. T2DM risk could be decreased when abnormal WC or WHtR reversed to normal.

Objective To examine the effect of the integrated schistosomiasis control measures in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2019, so as to provide insights into the development of the schistosomiasis elimination strategy. Methods The integrated schistosomiasis control measures implemented by the health, agriculture, water resources, forestry, land and resources sectors were retrospectively collected in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2019, and the completion of each measure, cost of control measures, Schistosoma japonicum infections in humans and bovines, and snail status were analyzed each year. An index system for assessing the integrated schistosomiasis control effect was constructed using the Delphi method to calculate the integrated schistosomiasis control effect index. In addition, a cost-effect analysis was performed in terms of the decline in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in humans and bovines, areas with snails in inner embankments, and areas with infected snails. Results A total of 7 110 926 500 Yuan were invested into the integrated schistosomiasis control program of Hunan Province from 2004 to 2019. During the 16-year period, a total of 277 437.12 hm² snail habitats received molluscicidal treatments, 6 927 230 person-times given expanded chemotherapy, 2 116 247 bovine-times given expanded chemotherapy, 954 850 harmless toilets built, 290 359 bovines fenced, 136 666 bovines eliminated, 141 905 machines used to replace bovines, 39 048.63 hm² water lands improved as dry lands, 724.12 km irrigation regions improved, 3 994 300 populations covered with safe water, 191 102.89 hm² forests planted and 38 535.27 hm² lands leveled. The prevalence of S. japonicum infections was 4.29% in humans and 4.48% in bovines in Hunan Province in 2004, with 2 449.37 hm² snail habitats in inner embankments and 3 423.74 hm² infected snail areas. In 2019, the prevalence of S. japonicum infections reduced to 0 in both humans and bovines, and areas of snail habitats reduced to 540.92 hm² (77.92% reductions), while the areas with infected snails reduced to 0. The overall integrated schistosomiasis control effect index appeared a tendency towards a rise over years since 2004, and the integrated schistosomiasis control effect index was 97.35 in 2019; the annual mean costs for a 1% reduction in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in 100 populations and 100 bovines were 70.11 Yuan and 4 204.78 Yuan, and the annual mean costs for a 1% reduction in the snail areas in inner embankments and infected snail areas were 2 010.20 Yuan and 1 298.09 Yuan, respectively. Conclusions The integrated control measures achieve remarkable effectiveness for schistosomiasis control in Hunan Province, with a remarkable decline in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in humans and bovines and great shrinking of snail areas in inner embankments and infected snail areas. Adequate fund investment is required to improve the integrated schistosomiasis control measures and consolidate the control achievements.