The purpose was to helps and inspire clinical research beginners on how to identify research directions and topics that are linked with clinical work.Based on a research project,this paper reviewed how the author started the ideas of the research,selected and set research directions,and established specific goals.

Parkland formula is the most widely used resuscitation formula in burn care. However, a growing number of disputes have been raised along with the development of medical technology, among which its total volume and composition of the fluid are the two foci. Firstly, Parkland formula may lead to an untoward phenomenon nicknamed "fluid creep", which may lead to complications such as abdominal compartment syndrome. Secondly, along with the deeper understanding of how permeability of blood vessels changes after burn injury, colloid is recommended to be given after the third 8 h post-burn. Additionally, controversy exists in the choice of different colloid solutions. The safety of different colloid solutions remains to be further elucidated. This article will deal with all of the above-mentioned problems.
Burns ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Fluid Therapy ; methods ; Humans ; Isotonic Solutions ; therapeutic use ; Resuscitation ; methods ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To investigate the clinic significance of serum carbohydrate antigen ( CA)125 for cirrhosis. Methods 88 patients with type B posthepatitic cirrhosis (male 46,female 24,average age 45?24 years) were divided into three group (A stage35,B stage 28,C stage 25) according to Child-pugh integration. 36 healthy persons as normal controls were studied(male 20,female 16,average age 42?22 years). Serum CA125 was measured by ELISA. We investigated the alteration of serum CA125 with hepatic functional classification. Results The levels of serum CA125 in cirrhosis patients were markedly higher than those in control subjects(P

AIM: To obtain nerve growth factor subunit ?(NGF ?) gene from Chinese fetal hippocampus tissue, prove its sequence, clone the mature peptide sequence, and make it express in E.coli .METHODS: Total RNA was extracted, amplified by RT-PCR method. Its 650 bp DNA sequence was inserted into PCR Ⅱ vector. PCR/NGF ? vector was used as the template to amplfy the C-terminate mature peptide sequence, then subcloned it into PG5 vector. The recombinant was transferred into E.coli BL21. BL21 was cultured and induced by IPTG. The activity of the expressed product was measured after purified and refolded.RESULTS: A complete cDNA sequence was determined as 1 047 nucleotides. The cloned 636 bp encoding 212 amino acids was proved homological to Genbank by sequence analysis. The expressed mature peptide showed an clear band of the prospected 14 kD by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and was testified by Western blot. The expression level was about 10% of the total cell lysate. CONCLUSION: The chinese NGF ? gene was homological to the foreigners'. The recombinant NGF ? was efficiently expressed in E.Coli and the recombinant protein has high immunological activities.

AIM: To establish a fluorogenic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) method for the routine examination of c-erbB-2 gene expression in breast cancer. METHODS: The c-erbB-2 standard gene was obtained by in vitro amplification of cloned c-erbB-2 fragment in plasmid PGEM-T easy vector. FQ-PCR product was detected by using a 7700 ABI PRISM sequence detector system and c-erbB-2 standard curve was obtained to quantity c-erbB-2 in unknown samples. RESULTS: “S” kinetics curve of FQ-PCR amplification was generated by relating the fluorescence signal intensity (△Rn) to the cycle number. The standard curve of c-erbB-2 was constructed by the linear relationship between the cycle threshold (ct) and the log of starting copy number. The high correlation (0.999) revealed the reliability of FQ-PCR. CONCLUSION: The FQ-PCR is a rapid, sensitive, reliable method for quantity of c-erbB-2 gene expression.

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of phenylethanoid glycosides on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced dyszoospermia in mice and to preliminary elucidate the mechanisms involved in the process. Methods Phenylethanoid glycoside was extracted by ethanol extraction.Forty male BALB/C mice were randomly divided into control group,model group,low dose of phenylethanoid glycosides group (50 mg· kg-1 )and high dose of phenylethanoid glycosides group (100 mg·kg-1 ).Except control group,the dyszoospermia mouse model was established by peritoneal injection of CTX at the daily dose of 80 mg· kg-1 ,once daily for successive 5 d. After modeling, phenylethanoid glycosides were intragastrically administered at corresponding doses to each phenylethanoid glycosides group.Equal volume of normal saline was given to the mice in control group and model group by gastrogavage.All the medication was performed once daily for successive 30 d.The testis tissue was obtained 24 h after the last intragastric administration.The level of testosterone in the testis tissue homogenate was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.The sperm counts, the motility rates, and the teratospermia rates in various groups were compared.The morphological changes of the testis tissue were observed using HE staining.Results Compared with control group, the sperm count and the motility rate were decreased, the teratospermia rate was increased,and the testosterone level in the testis tissue homogenate was decreased in model group(P<0.01).Compared with model group,the sperm counts and the motility rates were increased,the teratospermia rates were decreased, and the testosterore levels in the testis tissue homogenate were increased in phenylethanoid glycosides groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01).The histological results showed atrophy and degeneration of seminiferous tuble,thicker seminiferous epithelium and azoospermic lumina in model group;the number of seminiferous epithelial layers was increased and the seminiferous cells orderly arranged, and many sperms were found in the tubules in phenylethanoid glycosides groups.Conclusion Phenylethanoid glycosides has obviously therapeutical effect on CTX-induced dyszoospermia in mice,and its mechanisms might be correlated with recovering the testosterone level.

Bcl-2 gene is the human homologous gene of anti-apoptotic gene Ced-9 in c-elegans, which can participate in regulations of cells apoptosis including suppression of neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemic penumbra.This review is about Bcl-2 anti-ischemic neuron injury, its possible mechanisms and the effects of anti-ischemic drugs on Bcl-2.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine(HCQ) in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods Twenty-four pregnant patients with SLE treated with HCQ during pregnancy from May,2006 to February,2011 were studied retrospectively.All babies were followed up during early infancy for growth development.ResultsOf them,22 patients were treated with HCQ throughout the whole pregnancy with no lupus flare occurred in 21 patients (95.4％),while temporary discontinuation of HCQ precipitated a flare of disease in two patients.Three patients ( 12.5％ ) had premature delivery,and pregnancy induced hypertension happened in 3 patients (12.5％ ).No congenital abnormalities occurred and mean follow-up of 26 months ( range 1 - 47 months) revealed no abnormalities in these children.Conclusion Our findings reinforce the safety of HCQ therapy during pregancy and HCQ should probably be maintained throughout the pregancy in patients with SLE.

Objective To analyze impact factors for resolving cases of medical disputes with people's mediation mechanism,for improvement of this mechanism.Methods This paper picked 273 cases mediated by Guangdong Medical Dispute People Meditation Committee from June 2010 to December 2011,for analysis from doctor-factors,patient-factors,mediator-factors and composite factors.Results Under such mechanism,doctor-factor has not significant difference on the mediation success ratio and mediation timeliness of the cases; the success rates of cases of death,disability,and no obvious impairment suffered by patients are 68.57％,55.81％ and 76.80％ respectively.Such results are found by chi-square test as P＜0.05,significant statistically.With cases reported via hospitals,the mediation timeliness is much better than other cases.Conclusion The mechanism is advantageous in effectively avoiding influences of case factors,yet emphasis should be placed on mediation of disability cases,and doctors should be encouraged to report the cases,contributing to higher success rate of mediation.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of preemptive analgesia of parecoxib-sodium for radical mastectomy of breast cancer. METHODS:A total of 60 female patients underwent selective radical mastectomy of breast cancer under general anes-thesia were randomly divided into observation group(40 cases)and control group(20 cases). 15 min before anesthesia induction, observation group was given intravenous injection of Parecoxib-sodium for injection 40 mg. Control group was given intravenous in-jection of 0.9% Sodium chloride injection 5 mL. The pain visual analogue scale(VAS),the frequency of patient controlled intrave-nous analgesia(PCA)and ADR were observed between 2 groups at different time points after surgery. RESULTS:VAS scores of observation group were significantly lower than those of control group 2,4,6,8 h after operation,and the frequency of PCA 0-4, 4-12,12-24,24-36 h after operation was significantly lower than control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). There was no statistical significance in the incidence of ADR between 2 groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The preemptive analgesia of parecoxib-sodium can effectively reduce pain degree of patients with breast cancer after radical mastectomy,the frequency of PCA, and do not increase the occurrence of ADR.