OBJECTIVE:To Provide reference for improving teaching levels of New Drug Clinical Research and training for pharmaceutical research talents. METHODS:The experiment teaching in 2013 graduate student of the Fourth Military Medical Uni-versity was taken as a pilot,different teaching methods were introduced in various chapters of New Drug Clinical Research,and ap-praisal system was perfected. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Some appropriate methods are established,for example,conductive teaching,problem-based learning,spot-teaching and bilingual-teaching. The appraisal system including usual performance and re-search proposal is established,it has improved enthusiasm and initiative of students,promoted teaching quality,obtained certain achievements,which provides reference for the training methods on the cultivation of innovative and professional pharmaceutical tal-ents.

The ethical issues are different at different research stages of drug discovery.At the preclinical trial phase,laboratory animals are indispensable.The medical animal ethics committees need to approve and supervise animal testing during the experiment whether it adheres to the principles of animal protection,animal welfare principles and ethicalprinciples.At the phase of clinical trials,the subject of drug is human.The medical ethics committee should take full account of the ethical issues arising from the special medicine,special populations and disease in the process of trial and formulate detailed and feasible clauses,thus to ensure the scientificity of the trial and the rights and interests of subjects and promote new drug discovery and integrate with international standards.

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of brucellosis in Nangang District of Harbin City,and to provide a scientific basis for making strategies in prevention and control of the disease.Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used,epidemic characteristics (time distribution,regional distribution and population distribution) of the disease in Nangang District of Harbin City in 2006-2015 were studied,and brucellosis cases were reported online through the national epidemic network.Results A total of 105 cases of brucellosis were reported,the average annual incidence rate was 7.84/100 thousand and no death case.The number of cases was the highest in 2014,it was 21 cases,the incidence rate was 1.57/100 thousand;the number of cases was the least in 2010,it was 3 cases,the incidence rate was 0.22/100 thousand;in 2006,the number of cases was 9,the incidence rate was 0.67/100 thousand;in 2015,the number of cases was 17,the incidence rate was 1.27/100 thousand.The incidence of the disease was mainly concentrated in summer and autumn,accounting for 65.71％ (69/105),the number of summer onset was 38,accounting for 36.19％ (38/105);the incidence of the autumn was 31,accounting for 29.52％ (31/105).In 2006-2012,the incidence of the disease was mainly concentrated in Wanggang and Hongqi townships,accounting for 60.00％ (30/50);after 2013,the cases in urban areas were on the rise,Wanggang and Hongqi townships accounted for 34.55％ (19/55).Incidence of male youth was the highest,male and female incidence ratio was 2.18:1.00 (72:33);incidence peak was 30-60 years old,accounting for 60.95％ (64/105);after analyzing the incidence of occupational groups,farmer was the highest,accounting for 43.81％ (46/105).Transmission route was contact with cattle and sheep and lived in the environment cattle and sheep were breed,the number of cases was 34.Conclusions The incidence of brucellosis in Nangang District of Harbin City is rising after 2013.Disease season focus in summer and autumn,occupation focus in farmers,and the scope of the outbreak has been expanded.We should further strengthen publicity and education in disease focus season,improve the awareness of protection,in order to effectively control the epidemic of brucellosis.

Objective To observe the changes of serum myostatin (MSTN) level in patients with gastric carcinoma-associated cachexia and to investigate the relationship between MSTN and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) preliminarily.Methods Eighty patients with gastric cancer were divided into two groups based on their Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessement (PG-SGA) scores:gastric carcinoma-associated cachexia group (GCC group,32 cases; PG-SGA stage C) and gastric carcinoma non-cachexia group (GCNC,48 cases; PG-SGA stage A + B).The serum MSTN and TNF-α levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,and relevant parameters including height,weight,albumin,hemoglobin,and C-reactive protein were also recorded before operation.Eighty healthy adults were chosen as the control group.Results The serum MSTN level in the GCC group [(1.36 ±0.50) μg/L] was significantly higher than that in the GCNC group [(0.91 ±0.49) μg/L; x2 =14.67,P =0.00],whereas the serum MSTN level in the GCNC group was significantly higher than that in the control group [(0.70 ± 0.37) μg/L; x2 =36.45,P =0.00].Serum MSTN level was not correlated with TNF-α in the GCC group (r=0.18,P=0.31),GCNC group (r=0.08,P=0.58),or control group (r=-0.16,P＝0.16).Conclusions Serum MSTN level is elevated in patients with gastric carcinoma-associated cachexia.However,it is not correlated with serum TNF-α.

Aiming at building research disciplines,Xijing hospital has initially achieved a strategic transformation into a hospital with research disciplines,with such measures as scientific layout of disciplines,making of advantageous disciplines with overseas benchmarks,encouragement of potential disciplines with advantageous disciplines,promotion of medical innovation with innovative ideas,and upgrading clinical service quality with technical innovation.

Intensifying the continuing education of doctors in hospitals at primary level is one of the important measures for increasing their specialized skills and improving the condition of primary care.In recent years,following the trend of national medical reform,the Fourth Military Medical University (FMMU) has made full use of its advantages to provide training for civilian doctors in hospitals at primary level.In the training,with the reform measures of ‘ four focuses' and ‘ five combinations',FMMU actively advanced teaching reform to make innovations in curriculum system and teaching methods,which was approved by teachers and students.These measures were very effective,which in turn greatly enhanced the ability of the doctors and training quality.This practice obviously pushed forward development of primary-level medical and health-care service in Shanxi province.

Objective: To investigate the protective factors and risk factors of nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) among health care workers (HCWs) , and thus provide the scientific basis for prevention and control of nosocomial infection. Methods: With the case-control study,a standardized questionnaire was used for data collection in three general hospitals where nosocomial infection had occurred. Univariate analysis was done at first. All concerned factors about SARS infection were scanned by using Chi-square test and Fisher' s exact test one by one, and determined as to whether they were risk factors or protective factors according to odd ratio (OR) score. Then, multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to re-analyze the picked-out factors for finding out which factors played independent roles. Results: Twenty-two factors (nineteen protective factors and three risk factors), among the total fifty-six factors, were significantly associated with SARS infection. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression revealed that factors such as double exposure suits ( OR = 0.053 ), education ( OR =0.072), gloves ( OR =0.102), hands sterilized by iodine ( OR =0.231 ), room air ventilation (OR = 0.32), were significantly protective; conversely, tracheal intubation ( OR = 30.793 ) was a significant risk factor. Conclusion: Strict defense and antisepsis measures were pivotal in preventing SARS infection among high-risk medical personnel. Education about associated knowledge and effective air ventilation were also important factors.

Objective:To explore the application prospect of "education cloud platform + dual track" teaching in continuing medical education of thoracic surgery.Methods:A total of 100 trainees who participated in continuing medical education in thoracic surgery department in Air Force Medical University were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, with 50 students in each group. The experimental group adopted "education cloud platform + dual-track" teaching, and the control group adopted dual-track teaching. At the end of the study, an examination of theoretical knowledge and practical operation would be conducted; at the same time, an anonymous questionnaire survey would be used to evaluate the satisfaction of the two teaching modes. SPSS 20.0 was used for t test and chi-square test. Results:There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in basic theoretical performance. The professional theoretical performance [(28.6±3.7) points] and operational theory performance [(34.9±4.7) points] of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group, with significant differences ( P<0.05). The experimental group performed better than the control group in five practical operation assessments: basic operation of thoracoscopy, basic operation of opening and closing the chest, operation of vascular isolation and suture, operation of esophageal anastomosis and operation of tracheal anastomosis, with statistical differences ( P<0.05). The satisfaction with teaching of experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:"Education cloud platform + dual track" teaching can effectively ensure the teaching progress of problem-based learning (PBL) and team-based learning (TBL), improve students' learning effect, and has high promotion and application value.

Higher alcohols are one of the main by-products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in brewing. High concentration of higher alcohols in alcoholic beverages easily causes headache, thirst and other symptoms after drinking. It is also the main reason for chronic drunkenness and difficulty in sobering up after intoxication. The main objective of this review is to present an overview of the flavor characteristics and metabolic pathways of higher alcohols as well as the application of mutagenesis breeding techniques in the regulation of higher alcohol metabolism in S. cerevisiae. In particular, we review the application of metabolic engineering technology in genetic modification of amino transferase, α-keto acid metabolism, acetate metabolism and carbon-nitrogen metabolism. Moreover, key challenges and future perspectives of realizing optimization of higher alcohols metabolism are discussed. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive understanding of metabolic regulation system of higher alcohols in S. cerevisiae and to provide insights into the rational development of the excellent industrial S. cerevisiae strains producing higher alcohols.
Alcoholic Beverages ; Alcohols/analysis* ; Fermentation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism* ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism*

Xylulose as a metabolic intermediate is the precursor of rare sugars, and its unique pattern of biological activity plays an important role in the fields of food, health, medicine and so on. The aim of this study was to design a new pathway for xylulose synthesis from formaldehyde, which is one of the most simple and basic organic substrate. The pathway was comprised of 3 steps: (1) formaldehyde was converted to glycolaldehyde by benzoylformate decarboxylase mutant BFD-M3 (from Pseudomonas putida); (2) formaldehyde and glycolaldehyde were converted to dihydroxyacetone by BFD-M3 as well; (3) glycolaldehyde and dihydroxyacetone were converted to xylulose by transaldolase mutant TalB-F178Y (from Escherichia coli). By adding formaldehyde (5 g/L), BFD-M3 and TalB-F178Y in one pot, xylulose was produced at a conversion rate of 0.4%. Through optimizing the concentration of formaldehyde, the conversion rate of xylulose was increased to 4.6% (20 g/L formaldehyde), which is 11.5 folds higher than the initial value. In order to further improve the xylulose conversion rate, we employed Scaffold Self-Assembly technique to co-immobilize BFD-M3 and TalB-F178Y. Finally, the xylulose conversion rate reached 14.02%. This study provides a new scheme for the biosynthesis of rare sugars.