Objective Global cardiovascular risk assessment has been incorporated into current Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. The aim of our study is to determine the distribution of 10-year risk for ischemic cardiovascular disease (ICVD) among middle-aged Chinese adults, and to evaluate the usefulness of global risk assessment tools in the primary prevention of ICVD in Chinese population.Methods Simplified prediction tools derived from the USA-PRC Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Epidemiology cohort were applied to the Chinese Health Examination Database (CHED) 2008. 10-year risk for ICVD was estimated in 461 157 ICVD-free subjects (264 432 male and 196 725 female) aged 35 to 59 years. Results Among the male subjects, 82.4% had a 10-year risk for ICVD of <5%, 14.4% of 5% to 12.1 % and 3.4 of≥12.2%, and in female subjects, 86.7% had a 10-year risk for ICVD of <5%, 12.1% of 5% to 12.0% and 1.2% of ≥12.1 %. All subjects with predicted high level ICVD risk (≥ 12.2% in male or ≥ 12.1% in female) had either remarkably elevated (≥160 tnmHg) blood pressure, significantly increased (≥6.22 mml/L) total serum cholesterol or diabetes.Conclusion Using the currently recommended prediction tools, only very small proportions of middle-aged Chinese men and women who were free of ICVD would be classified into high level risk group. These prediction tools are unlikely to help for the medical intervention decision making in Chinese adult patients with hypertension and/or hypercholesterolemia.

Objective To explore the use of non-invasive technique for early detection of atherosclerosis in health checkups. Methods A total of 46 824 healthy normotensive volunteers, including 24 879 men and 21 945 women, from 27 physical examination centers were reviewed for their clinical data. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) by age was calculated,and related factors of PWV were analyzed. Results Reference range of PWV was increased with age. Detectable rate of abnormal PWV in men < 60 years was significantly higher than women (P<0.05). Detectable rate of PWV of > 1400 cm/s, > 1700 cm/s or > 2000 cm/s were 34. 5% ,7. 5% and 1.9% Respectively. Correlation analysis showed that PWV was closely related with age and mean systolic blood pressure ( P < 0. 05 ). Conclusion Non-invasive technique for early detection of atherosclerosis and PWV should be useful in physical examinations and cardiovascular disease screening.

Objective To study the effects of physical training on baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) by monitoring finger arterial pressure among volunteers who had experienced three-months′ aerobic or anaerobic exercises.Methods A total of 16 healthy men were divided into the aerobic exercise+anaerobic exercise group (group A,n=7) and aerobic exercise group (group B,n=9).Each subject was trained for 12 weeks.Head-up tilt (HUT) table test was performed before and 4,8,and 12 weeks after training.Blood pressure,finger arterial pressure and electrocardiogram (ECG) were compared between the two groups.Results The BRS was significantly increased after training in group A,although no changes were found in group B.Conclusion Three-months′ aerobic exercise+anaerobic exercise seems to enhance the BRS; however,three-months′ aerobic exercise may decrease the BRS.

Objective To develop a multidimensional self-report health measurement scale for accurate evaluation of health status in Chinese adults. Methods Delphi method was used to select health measurements. Item database was set up based on available questionnaires. A total of 1858 individuals from Beijing, Hebei ,Tianjin, Shanxi and other provinces of China received field pretest. Results A self-report health assessment tool with 90 items was developed, Cronbach a coefficient of which was 0. 669 to 0. 917,split-half reliability 0. 572 to 0. 877, and test-retest reliability 0. 693 to 0. 896. Six factors from exploratory factor analysis accounted for 71.732% total variance,with the common factor＞0.4. Confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit index and construct validity. Conclusion The newly developed self-rated health measurement scale ,which involves six dimensions and 90 items ,shows good reliability and validity.

Objective To investigate the detection rate of abnormal cardiovascular and metabolic indicators in health check-up populations,and provide evidence for early screening and health interventions for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.Methods A total of 5578 adults (male 3404 and female 2174) were recruited from a medical institution in Beijing in 2008 and 2010.Cardiovascular and metabolic indicators,including blood pressure,lipid profile and fasting plasma glucose,were tested at baseline and 2 years.Paired t test or paired rank sum test was used for data analysis.Results Detection rate of abnormal blood pressure in 2010 was lower than that in 2008; however,rates of abnormal total cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose were higher in 2010 than in 2008 (t values were 5.378,13.885,3.210,10.401 and 4.355,respectively; all P ＜ 0.05).High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride showed no statistically significant difference between 2008 and 2010 (t values were 1.204 and -0.012,respectively; both P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion We have been observing a dynamic change in abnormal cardiovascular and metabolic indicators,based on which effective interventions could be taken to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Objective To establish a model for evaluating risk grade of cardiovascular health in adults undergoing health checkups.Methods Medical record of individuals who took health checkup in 6 heahhcare centers from 2008 to 2010 was retrospectively reviewed.The study populations were then assigned to 3 classes by using Cluster analysis and ANOVA.An assessment model for cardiovascular health was then established by using discriminant analysis method.Results The evaluation model of cardiovascular health was built by using cluster analysis and diseriminant analysis.The model was good and the consistent homology rate was 97.5％.The model was well used for cardiovascular health evaluation in healthcare center (the Kappa value in 2009 and 2010 was 0.446 and 0.415,respectively) and the consistency of the model was good.Conclusions This evaluation model of cardiovascular health could be used for grading and assessing of the level of health management of cardiovascular health.

Objectives To estimate the prevalence of the cardiovascular health (CVH) status in south Jiangsu adults. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted, a total of 11 996 participants that took health examination in hospitals from March 2013 to August 2013 and live in south Jiangsu were selected. Results Totally 136 participants (1.1%) met all 7 ideal CVH metrics;while 27.6%participants met 5 to 7 ideal CVH metrics, women had higher proportion (47.2%) than men (16.9%). The percentage of participants who met 5 to 7 ideal CVH metrics, whether male or female, decreased with increasing age. Ideal total cholesterol (TC) was the most prevalent (72.0%), whereas ideal salt intake was the least (19.9%). The mean (± SD) number of ideal CVH metrics for urban participants was (3.61 ± 1.46), higher than the rural participants (3.45±1.49). Old age, male and residence in rural area were risk factors for ideal CVH metrics≥5. Conclusions The prevalence of ideal CVH was extremely low in South Jiangsu adults, and there were differences in the distribution of ideal CVH metrics across gender and age. To improve CVH, specific promotion and interventions at the population and individual levels should be developed and implemented actively.