OBJECTIVE To understand the status of sterilization in our hospital to provide the evidence for control of nosocomial infections.METHODS The quality of air sterilization,disinfectant liquid in use,the effect of autoclave sterilization,staff's hands and the object′s surface in 29 clinical departments of the hospital were monitored.RESULTS In 2006,the qualification rate of air sterilization was 70.74%.The qualification rate of disinfectant liquid and autoclave sterilization were 88.03% and 93.71%,respectively.CONCLUSIONS We should strengthen the monitoring of hospital sterilization,apply monitoring data reasonably and discover all kinds of risks for nosocomial infections in time to decrease the incidence rate of nosocomial infections.

OBJECTIVE To study the constituent ratio and drug resistance of Gram-negative bacilli to draft preventive and control measures.METHODS The sputum and lower respiration secretion of 354 patients infected with Gram-negative bacilli were cultured by routine methods.Disk diffusion test was used to analyze drug resistance.RESULTS The isolating rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(25.7%) was the highest.Then was Klebsiella pneumoniae,accounted for 21.5%.Except for Haemophilus influenzae,the other Gram-negative bacilli were resistant to the routine drugs in different degrees.The detection rate of extensive-spectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs) producers in K.pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were 38.2% and 36.7%,respectively.CONCLUSIONS It is very necessary for clinical microbiology department to monitor pathogens to provide the scientific evidence for clinical usage of the antibiotics.

OBJECTIVE To study drug-resistance status of nosocomial infections caused by coagulase negative staphylococcus(CNS)to offer scientific basis for reasonable usage of antibiotics.METHODS CNS were all identified by VITEK32 system.The drug suspectivity was tested by K-B method.The results were judged according to NCCLS/CLSI2004.RESULTS Among 258 strains of CNS,111 strains of Staphylococcus haemolyticus ranked the top,accounting for 43.0% and followed by 98 strains of S.epidermidis(38.0%).The isolating rate of meticillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcus(MRCNS)was 51.9%(134/258).The drug-resistance rate of MRCNS was higher obviously than that of methicillin-susceptible coagulase-negative staphylococcus(MSCNS).CONCLUSIONS CNS has been one of the important pathogens of nosocomial infections.MRCNS with higher isolating rate showed multi-drug resistance.The glycopeptide antibiotics are the first choice to cure MRCNS infections.

Objective To detect the genetic diversity and prevalent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Tibetan patients in Tibet and to analyze factors associated with prevalent strains.Methods A total of 577 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were genotyped by spacen oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) and the results were analyzed with BioNumerics software (Version 5.0) and compared with the international spoligotype database of SITVIT2.Results Among the 577 cases of Tibet patients,329 were male and 248 were female.Based on spoligotyping,23 different spoligotypes were identified among 577 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates,with a genetic diversity of 3.99 ％.The majority (97.57％,563/577) of the isolates belonged to four known families,such as Beijing family,T family,CAS family and MANU2 family.The remaining 14 isolates had 11 novel spoligotypes.522 (90.47％)isolates belonging to Beijing family presented with 7 spoligotypes,resulting in the genetic diversity of Beijing family of 1.34％.With high similarity,Beijing family strains could be clustered into one genotype;among non-Beijing family strains,strains belonging to T family and MANU2 family were similar and could be clustered into one genotype.Changdu had the highest prevalence (97.83％) of Beijng family strains.In this study,the occurrence of Beijing family strains was not associated with age,sex,bacillus CalmetteGuerin vaccination or treatment history (P=1.00,0.36,0.83 and 1.00,respectively).Conclusions In this study,the genetic diversity of Tibetan Mycobacterium tuberculosis is low and Beijing family strains are highly prevent in Tibet,by classical spoligotyping.

OBJECTIVE: With the prolongation of life span, more and more people care their health. In this paper we summarized the studies about correlative factors of mandible osteoporosis so as to investigate the cause of osteoporosis and how to inhibit or postpone the occurrence of mandible osteoporosis and improve people's quality of life.DATA SOURCES: We searched Qsinghua Tongfang Database for papers about mandible osteoporosis published between January 1991 and May 2005 with the key words of "osteoporosis, mandible bone, alveolar bone"in Chinese. Meanwhile, related English literatures were also searched in Medline between January 1975 and May 2005 with the same key words.STUDY SELECTION: The literatures included all the related papers of correlative factors of mandible osteoporosis. Inclusive criteria were: the study types were randomized controlled trials, drug stress test and clinical drug effect test; the samples were both human and animals. Exclusive criteria: Reviews and literatures without controls were excluded.DATA EXTRACTION: Totally 182 literatures related to the correlative factors of mandible osteoporosis were collected, and 36 were accorded with the inclusive criteria. The excluded were 146 papers of repeated drug effect study.DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 36 papers including 5 321 human and 152 animals analyzed the data of correlative factors of mandible osteoporosis in age, sex, hormones, biting force, physical training and living habit,etc., respectively, which included 6 interfere-test papers of ovariactomized rats.CONCLUSION: It is concluded that mandible osteoporosis can result in a part of bone mine loss, which is related to age, sex, hormones, biting force,physical exercise and living habits, and so on.

Adenocarcinoma ; pathology ; secondary ; surgery ; Adult ; Bone Marrow Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; secondary ; Female ; Humans ; Postoperative Period ; Stomach Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery

Prostate cancer is one of the common malignant tumors of the urinary system and mostly found in elderly men. Like most tumors, prostate cancer involves a variety of molecules in its occurrence and progression. More studies on the development of prostate cancer focus on the tumor markers, DNA damage repair related genes, and tumor invasion and metastasis related factors. This article presents an overview on the research progress in these three aspects.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; Biomedical Research ; DNA Repair ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Male ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology

AIM: To observe the effect of perioperative detail treatment of pterygium.
METHODS:Sixty cases(100 eyes) of pterygium patients were collected from Sep. 2012 to Jan. 2014. All cases were performed modified pterygium excision with limbal epithelial autograft transplantion under microscope. Corneal wound healing, graft survival, and the recurrence of pterygium were observed.
RESULTS:All cases of conjunctival flap survive, corneal wound closed well. The patients were followed up for 7 to 12mo. Among them, 3 eyes recurred and the recurrence rate was 3%. There were no serious complications.
CONCLUSION:In the operation of pterygium excision with limbal epithelial autograft transplantion, standard and detail treatment can significantly improve the clinical effect.

Objective: To understand the effects of different expansion ways on collagen and actin of skin and to provide an experiment foundation for the suitable expansion method clinically. Methods: The rabbits were divided into five groups. The expanders were embedded in experimental group. The sirius-red specific staining method was applied to observe the changes of type I collagen and type III collagen and their proportion. Immunochemistry method was used to detect the expression of actin. Results: 1: In group A, B and C, type I collagen arranged turbulently and was thicker and type III collagen decreased relatively at earlier maintaining period. After 4 week, type I collagen arranged regularly and type III collagen was relatively increased. 2: Comparisons of the area about type I, III collagen: At the same maintaining period, there were no significant difference among the group A,B and C. With the extension of maintaining period, the area of type I, III collagen increased gradually, but there was inclined to stabilize at the fourth week in group A, B and at the third week in group C. Comparison of the proportion of collagen I and collagen III: There were significant difference between group A, B and group D, but no significant difference was observed after the fourth week. There were significant difference between group C and control group, but no significant difference was observed after three week. 3. With the extension of maintaining period, the positive expression rates of actin decreased gradually in group A, B, C. At the same maintaining period, significant difference were observed among group A, B, C. The positive expression rates of actin in group C were lower than that of group A at the same maintaining period. Conclusion: The repeated rapid expansion can not only shorten the clinical period but also promote the quality of skin flap. It is a safe and feasible method in clinic.

Objective We summarized the clinical experience of modified ileal ureter substitution for treating long segment ureteral defection.Methods We retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 2 patients with long segment ureteral defect who treated with Yang-Monti ileal ureter substitution between March 2015 and November 2015.One 75 years old male patient was diagnosed as upper ureteral malignance and solitary kidney.The length of defection from renal pelvis to bladder was 22 em.His serum creatinine was 100 μmol/L,blood urea nitrogen was 5.7 mmol/L,serum chloride was 98 mmol/L.Another one 41 years old female patient was diagnosed as middle and lower ureteral iatrogenic injury.The traumatic length was 15 cm.Her serum creatinine was 70 μmol/L,blood urea nitrogen was 5.1 mmol/L,serum chloride was 100 mmol/L.they were both treated by Yang-Monti ileal ureter substitution.The ileal intestinal segment was used for the ureteral replacement,which were more than 15 cm to the ilealcecum.The length of intestine was 10.0 cm and 7.5 cm,respectively.The ileal mesentery was preserved.After closing the mesangial hiatus,the ileal segment was pull into the retroperitoneal space and pulling out via descending colonic mesangial window.The ileal segment was divided into three parts,which was 2.5 to 3.0 cm in each part.Each part was opened via long axis and then rotated 90 degree.The 4-0 absorable suture was used to suture the edge of each intestinal part continuously.The sutured intestine was re-tubularized,using 4-0 absorable suture and the F16 catheter was used as the tube model.The length of reconstructed ureter was 22 cm and 18 cm,respectively.The neo-ureter was re-anastomosed with renal pelvis and bladder wall.Two F6 double J stents were placed in the neo-ureter.Results The operative time was 160 min and blood loss was 200 ml in the first case.In the second case,the operative time was 180 min and blood loss was 220 ml.No significant complications were noticed intra-operation and post-operation.Six months after operation,the male patient's serum creatinine was 112 pmol/L,blood urea nitrogen was 6.1 mmol/L,serum chloride was 106.0 mmol/L and electrolytes were normal.In another patient,serum creatinine was 79 μmol/L,blood urea nitrogen was 5.9 mmol/L and serum chloride was 103.0 mmol/L.The GFR was 24.9 ml/min and 22.1 m]/min 3 and 6 months after operation,respectively.Ureteral obstruction wasn't detected on IVU images 3 months after operation.Conclusions For patient with long ureteral defect,which cannot be replaced by other urinary tissue,YangMonti ileal ureter substitution is one of the optional modalities.As a new technique of ureteral substitution,Yang-Monti ileal ureter substitution is simple and fewer complications and can improve the quality of life in patient compared with traditional ureteral substitution.