BACKGROUND OF STUDY: According to WHO report estimation, 76.3 million people have been diagnosed with disorder related to alcohol use which has been root cause for over 60 types of disease in the world.1 Smoking causes death to4 million people every year, 11 people every day and 6 every minute. This number is estimated to double reaching 10 million by 2030.2 The study conducted by the ‘World Vision Mongolia’ international organization and the Anti-alcoholism and Drug Association of the Ministry of Justice show 76% of all teenagers has drunk alcohol to some extent. AIMS: To determine alcohol, tobacco and psychoactive drug use by school teenagers of Sukhbaatar district in Ulaanbaatar MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: The survey on inquiry of alcohol, tobacco and psychoactive drug use (ASSIST) was conducted among a total of randomly selected 800 (374 boys, 426 girls) students of 8-12th grade from 7 secondary schools of Sukhbaatar district. Statistical data was put into Microsoft office applications (excel, word) and processed by SPSS application with 95% of probability of information and 5.0% of trust level. RESULT OF STUDY: Out of all respondents 32% (256) use tobacco, 43.8% (350)alcoholic drinks, 2.6% (21)cannabis,1.1% (9) cocaine, 1.5% (12) amphetamine, 3%(24)volatile substance, 4.3% (34)sedative and tranquilizer drug, 0.6% (5)hallucinogenic drug, 0.5% (4) opioid, and 0.1% (1) uses other types of drug. Among the survey participants, there are a total of 214 teenagers (in duplicated number) who need short-term action and 2 teenagers who are smoker and need intensive treatment. CONCLUSION: Among total teenagers, the survey participants, 1 in 3 used tobacco, 1 in 2 alcoholic drinks and 1 in 7 used psychoactive drug. Male students smoke twice more than female students and there is no difference in use of alcoholic drink in both sexes. The alcohol and tobacco use among teenagers at the age of 12-18 who participated in the survey showed that they use more when they grow older. 1 in 4 students of all participants belongs to a group with average risk and needs intensive treatment.

Stigmatization and discrimination against mental patients and their family members due to typical community misunderstanding about mental diseases are commonly occurred among population. Particularly, discrimination against alcoholic patients and stigmatization against theirfamily members are most common among Mongolian people, because prevalence of alcohol dependence problems is increased 2 times more in last decades. Our aim was to define current situation of stigmatization and discrimination against alcoholic patients. This survey has been conducted among total 90 inpatients with alcoholic problem, are have staying in National Center for Mental Health and Narcology Center. We conducted the study by descriptive and crossectional design.Totally 90 alcohol patients, aged 19-61 years were participated in our survey. 67 (74.4%) of them were male and 23(25.5%) were female and average age was 40.1±1.1. Level of job’s discriminationwas growingrelated to increasing the level of alcohol consumption (p<0.0016)and level of family’s stigma was growing related to increasing the level of alcohol dependence (p<0.0001). Most of patients (n=29), who are divorced from their couples were answering that main reason of their divorcing was alcohol problem and bad interfamily relationship.Furthermore, stigmatization and discrimination increasing due to increasing level of alcohol consumption (p<0.0001).Most of participants (60%; n=54) are answered, that stigma and discrimination against them were occurring from their family.

Background: Alloxan is a chemical compound commonly used in experimental animal models of diabetes. In 1943, Shaw Dunn and Mc- Letchie reported that alloxan causes specific necrosis of pancreatic β-cells in experimental animals, which led to the study of alloxan in relation to diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the structural changes in the pancreatic tissue of diabetic mice induced by alloxan. Aim: To study the structural changes in the pancreatic tissue of diabetic mice induced by alloxan. Materials and Methods: According to the protocol for establishing a diabetic model, alloxan monohydrate was injected intraperitoneally into 6- to 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice to develop a diabetic model and evaluate the structure of pancreatic tissue. Results: Alloxan induced severe degenerative changes in the centers of the pancreatic islets of mice in the diabetic group. The islet shape was irregular, and the central part was relatively sparse; dead (karyolysis) cells were observed. In the exocrine part of the pancreas, the acinar structure was preserved; the nuclei of acinar cells were stained bright blue. The plasma-particle ratio of some acinar cells was lost, the plasma contained vacuoles, and the interstitial spaces were enlarged and appeared pale. On the 7th day of the experiment, the positive expression of β-cells in the pancreatic islets of mice in the diabetic group was reduced compared to the control group, and a necrotic area was observed. On the 28th day, the positive expression of β-cells was visible in the central part of the islet. When the qualitative characteristics of the positively stained cells of the islets of Langerhans were converted into quantitative values, the percentage of the area of insulin-positive stained cells was 13.37% ± 0.89% in the control group and 6.01% ± 0.39% in the diabetic group. The percentage of glucagon-positive stained cells in the control group was 15.27% ± 1.11%, and in the diabetic group was 5.01% ± 0.58%. The islet area of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans in the diabetic group was observed to be increased compared to the control group. This is thought to be due to the swelling of the islet cells and the formation of empty spaces created by necrotic cells. Conclusion The results of the functional assay showed that glucose- dependent insulin secretion was still active after 28 days of the experiment. Alloxan-induced necrosis and apoptosis reduced the percentage of insulin- and glucagon-positive cells in the islets of Langerhans.

There are a lot of influencing factors of facial nerve palsy; experts believe that is most likely caused by a Virus (54%) and Bacterial infections. Noninfectious causes of facial nerve palsy induce tumors (28%) and less commonly influences head trauma (18%). The retrospective analysis of WHO, in 2012. There are some cases of postoperative complication in middle ear surgery is facial nerve palsy and the total recovery outcome of function was not good. From 2013 to 2016 in EMJJ hospital, Mongolia, we enrolled 16 cases with facial nerve damaged in intratympanic canal but we could not recruit some patients with facial palsy over 6 months. Each subject was tested with pure tone test, ABR, Tympanometry. These were performed for the detection of hearing loss after Temporal bone injury. Then we also investigated location of facial nerve damages of patients by MRI and CT before reconstructive surgery. After that surgery, all patients were given corticosteroid treatment (20mg/day) and physical therapy performed such as acupuncture for a week. Study results revealed that 6 cases after 18 days, 2 cases after 30 days, 1 patient after 45 days of reconstructive surgery regained good symmetry. Therefore, we considered that, postoperative treatments like physical therapy with B12, steroid had good benefits for operation result and to shorten the recovery time. There was a patient who had damaged facial nerve in the tympanic segment during Mastoidectomy. In that case, we performed cable nerve grafting using the r.auricularismagnium but we could not recover facial nerve function. Traumatic facial nerve paralysis is the second most common type. We discussed that performing reconstruction surgery within first 3 months after intratemporal facial nerve injury is extremely desirable and more effective. In our opinion, nerve recovery might be not successfully cause of injured myelin sheet of facial nerve during middle ear surgery.

Background: Studying the human embryonic and fetal organ systems development patterns and determining their quantitative indicators is of scientific and practical importance in medicine and health in every nation.
Distortions and pathologies during the development of the embryo are the causes of congenital disabilities. Among the congenital malformations, facial malformations are the 3rd place, including cleft lip and palate in 70% and Srouzon's syndrome in 30%. In addition, abnormalities due to changes in the size, shape, and position of the jaw are also mentioned in the 2021.04.21 issue of Morphology magazine in the study "Morphometric parameters of the bones of the skull and face during the development of newborns and fetuses". In our country, Ariuntuul G (2005) determined that cleft lip and cleft palate occur at 0.76/1000 or 1 in 1314 live births, while Ayanga G (2012) found that it occurs at 1 in 1072 live births or 0.93/1000. Moreover, the eye cup dimensions of Mongolian fetuses aged 16 36 weeks have a positive linear relationship with the gestational age determined using ultrasound by Nandintsetseg B (2015) et al. Compared with the other countries, the eyecup is slightly wider, and the outer edge distance is similar, whereas the inner edge distance is shorter. Purpose: To summarize research work and determine the embryonic development of bones involved in the formation of the face and facial parts, the period of bone formation, the point of ossification, and the period of formation. Methods: During fetal development, human organ systems grow and develop at different rates but in a particular relationship. This feature of growth and development is also clearly observed in the structure of the head and facial bones, and the results of researchers who have studied this aspect are selected in the articles. Results: Embryonic and fetal development of bone are clinically significant not only from the point of view of its morphogenesis but also from the point of view of congenital disabilities. Conclusion In the analysis of the sources, most of the works on the prenatal period of the development of the same body have studied the development of specific structures of the face and facial area, such as the palatine bones and nasal bones, or have generally covered the development of particular systems in the embryo and fetus, and face, there are relatively few works that show the entire dynamics of growth and development of facial bones.

Objectives: The purpose of our study is to examine characteristics of body composition and anthropometric measurements in older Mongolian adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 268 individuals aged 45 years and older who visited national hospitals over a period of one month. Body weight, BMI, waist circumference (WC) and other body circumferences, and body composition (body fat percentages, fat-free mass index, skeletal mass index) were measured and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score was used to test the physical performance. Results: The sample was composed of 73.7% women and 26.3% men, and the mean age was 58.1±8.9. All measurements were relatively higher than the normal range in older Mongolian adults. Obesity in women was relatively higher than men. 77.1% of all participants were obese according to BMI, 92.5% were obese according to body fat percentage, and 96.2% were centrally obese according to WC. Among people aged 45-64 years, prevalence of obesity increased and then decreased in ages 65-74 years. Age was significantly correlated with WC and the SPPB score was indirectly correlated with age (p<0.05). Conclusion: Obesity in older Mongolian adults is comparatively higher for women and tends to increase with age.

BACKGROUND: Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that key role in the innate immune system. TLR7 is expressed on monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, T cell, B cell and eosinophiles. TLR7, originally identified as recognizing imidaquinoline, loxibrine, broprimine and ssRNA, ssRNA viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus, influenza A virus and human immunodefiency virus. It is known that virus ssRNA affects signaling molecule of IFN-y. Objective: To determine gene and protein activation of IFN-y signal transduction by TLR7 ligand in the endothelial cells. MATERIAL: In study we used mouse aortic linear endothelial cell which is cultured (END-D) in 5% heat- inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS), medium (DMEM) containing antibiotic mix(penicillin G, streptomycin, amphotericin B) at 37°C (5% CO2). Endothelial cells treated with synthetic IFN-γ and imiquimodligands, then the NO (nitric oxide) concentration in the supernatant is determined by Griess reagent. Endothelial cells are cultured in 6 well cell culture plate and in each well 2*104cells are expected to be grown for 24 hours of culture. Then, the cells are treated with synthetic IFN-γ and имиквимод ligand for 6 hours and the NO signaling gene activation iNOS mRNA expression which is induced by IFN-γ is determined by RT-qPCR. Endothelial cells are cultured in 12 well cell culture plate and in each well 2*104 cells are expected to be grown for 18 hours of culture. Then, the cells are treated with synthetic IFN-γ and imiquimodligands for 24 hours and the NO signaling protein iNOS expression which is induced by IFN-γ is determined by western blotting. The experiment was conducted as representation mean of at least three test results. The difference between statistical probabilities is determined by the “Students” t test. The p<0.01 value is assumed to be statistically different. RESULTS: TLR7 ligand imiquimodaugmented interferon gamma induced nitric oxide production TLR7 ligand imiquimodincreased interferon gamma induced iNOS mRNA gene expression. TLR7 ilgand imiquimodup-regulated interferon gamma induced iNOS protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: TLR7 ligand imiquimod augments IFN-γ signaling in the endothelial cells. This synergistic effect has revealed in the levels of gene and protein expression.

Introduction: The aim of this research project is to elucidate the crosstalk of innate and adaptive immune reactions against the DNA containing bacteria. : This study held in the Core laboratory, Science Technology Center, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS). Murine aortal endothelial cells, END-D cultured and the cell viability checked by MTT assay. In addition, the NO production, protein and gene expression studied by Griess Reagent assay, R.T-PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. Results: 0.1µM, 1µM and 10µM of TLR9 ligand exhibited no cytotoxic action against the cells by MTT assay. IFN-ү alone induced NO production in END-D cells. In the other hand, TLR9 ligand at 0.1µM, 1µM and 10µM up-regulated IFN-ү induced NO production in dose dependent manner. RTPCR results exhibit that TLR9 ligand up regulates iNOS mRNA. Immunoblotting analysis showed the enhanced iNOS protein expression and phosphorylation of STAT1 in cells pre-treated with TLR9 ligand. Discussion: We have demonstrated CpG DNA, TLR9 ligand, up-regulates IFN-ү induced NO via enhanced IFN-ү signaling. The result of Western Blotting and RT-PCR support the up-regulation of NO. CpG DNA can be used as agent against virus and bacteria. Further research need to be conducted. Conclusion TLR9 ligand, CpG DNA up-regulates IFN-ү induced NO production in time and dose dependent manner. TLR9 ligand augments the expression of iNOS mRNA and STAT1 phosphorylation in response to IFN-ү.