AIM:To study the chemical constituents of the root of Myrica nana cheval.METHODS:The constituents were separated and purified by different methods of chromatography,and their structures were elucidated by UV,IR,GM and NMR.RESULTS:Seven compounds were isolated from the root of Myrica nana cheval.Their structures were identified as ?-sitosterol(1),myricanol(2),myricanone(3),ursolic acid(4),quercetin(5),myricetin(6)and myricitrin(7).CONCLUSION:Except for 5,6 and 7,the other compounds were obtained from this plant for the first time.

Objective To analyze HIV/AIDS epidemic characteristics in Henan Province.Methods The database of HIV/AIDS cases information and follow-up information from the national online case reporting were downloaded.Comprehensive analysis was performed.Results 42 879 cases were confirmed and reported HIV positive,69.05% were former paid plasma donors at the end of 2008.Among these cases reported in 2008,26.64% were heterosexual transmission,and 49.59% (1 802) were found via voluntary counseling and testing.Conclusions The epidemic characteristics of HIV/AIDS in Henan Province was mainly among former paid plasma donors.But the transmission through plasma donor had been interdicted.While the proportion of sexual transmission was increasing,this suggested that education and behavior intervention should be strengthened in order to interrupt further transmission.Counseling and testing become main source of detecting HIV infection.

AIM:To study the chemical constitutes of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. METHODS:Root of celastmus orbiculatus was macerated with cool ethanol to obtain the extract under the vaccum drying processing,extract obtained was extracted respectively by petroleum ester and ethyl acetate. Final extracts were purified by Silicagel column and analyzed by UV,IR,Ms and NMR to identify the chemical structural formula. RESULTS:Seven compounds were isolated from Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb,from which five constituents came from petroleum ester extract,and identified as sugiol (1),pristimerin (2),?-sitosterol (3),celastrol (4),from which two constituents came from ethyl acetate extract,salapermic acid(5),benzoic acid (6) and daucosterol (7),respectively. CONCLUSION:Compounds 1,5 were obtained from the plant for the first time.

A new anthraquinone, (1)-hydroxymethyl-3,6-dimethoxyl-2,8-dihydroxylanthraquinone 1, was isolated from the root of Rumex japonicus along with six known compounds 2-7. Their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods including 2D-NMR techniques or comparison with authentic samples.
Anthraquinones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Rumex ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo improve the diagnosis and treatment of testicular torsion (or spermatic cord torsion), and reduce its misdiagnosis and mistreatment.

METHODSOne hundred and thirteen misdiagnosed clinical cases of testicular torsion from 1994 to 2004 were reviewed and analysed.

RESULTSThe error rate of initial diagnosis was 84.3%, among which 81 cases (71.7%) were misdiagnosed as acute epididymitis or testis, 10 (8.8%) as hydrocele of the tunica vaginalis, and 7 (6.2%) as acute enteritis. The lengths of time between the income and diagnosis of the disease varied from 2 hours to 2 months, averaging 6.3 days. Hand replacement succeeded in 3 cases, surgical examination was carried out in 92, resection of the testis or epididymis was performed in 64, testis atrophy occurred in 26, and the total testis impairment rate was 79.6%.

CONCLUSIONThe key to the reduction of misdiagnosis is to improve the diagnostic methods, which can be achieved by the combined use of case history, physical signs and color ultrasonography. Surgical examination of the scrotum is the best option for both the diagnosis and the treatment of testicular torsion.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnostic Errors ; Epididymitis ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Orchitis ; diagnosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Spermatic Cord Torsion ; diagnosis

OBJECTIVETo investigate the progression and drug resistance of long-term non-progressors during three follow-up in Henan province.

METHODSIn May 2009, 26 cases of long-term non-progressors were recruited who infected HIV more than 10 years with blood collection and supply routes, did not receive anti-retroviral therapy, CD4(+)T lymphocyte count ≥350/μl and did not show typical symptoms of AIDS from Weishi, Shangcai, and Linying of Henan Province. Continuous follow-up were conducted three times since 2009 every two years with cohort analysis, the epidemiological information of infection routes, infection time and blood were collected, and 78 parts of 10 ml EDTA anticoagulated whole blood were collected. The changes of CD4 (+) T lymphocytes, viral load, and virus gene variety were characterized from 2009 to 2014. In-house methods were used to explore primary drug resistance of long-term non-progressors. Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare CD4(+) T lymphocyte count and viral load changes during different follow-up times.

RESULTSThe average age and infection time of 26 cases were (48.51 ± 6.75) years, (13.42 ± 4.26) years, respectively. Three follow-up times, CD4(+) T lymphocyte count P50 (P25-P75) was 573.5 (487.4-789.8), 499.8 (403.5-635.7), and 418.8 (297.6-537.8)/μl (H=63.99,P<0.001), respectively. And natural logarithm of viral load P50 (P25-P75) were 3.93 (3.43-4.55), 4.29 (3.78-4.75), 4.50 (4.01-4.81) (H=3.19,P=0.355), respectively. Subtype and phylogenetic analysis of HIV showed that prevalent cases were B subtype, accounting for 88.5% (23/26), and three cases showed restructuring changes. Two cases appeared highly resistant of 18 infected patients whose viral load >1 000 copies/ml.

CONCLUSIONThe CD4(+)T lymphocyte had a declining trend, virus subtype recombinant changes in a few cases, and primary drug resistance was found of long-term non-progressors in Henan province.

Adult ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; China ; Cohort Studies ; Disease Progression ; HIV ; classification ; drug effects ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; HIV Long-Term Survivors ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Phylogeny ; Viral Load

Objective: To explore the survival status and influencing factors on former plasma donors (FPD) living with HIV/AIDS after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during 2002-2017 in Henan province. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, using data from the ART database of national comprehensive HIV/AIDS information system. The inclusion criteria on patients would include HIV/AIDS cases with current residence in Henan province, route of infection being blood-borne (plasma collection), initiation of ART between 2002 and 2017, and 15 year-olds or above. According to the time of initation on antiviral treatment, observation was carried on between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2017. Outcome of observation was defined as death caused by AIDS or related diseases. Life Table was used to estimate the survival rate and Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw the survival curve. Log-rank test was used to compare the univariate intergroup survival rates while Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors on survival status among deaths due to AIDS or related diseases. Excel 2010 software and SPSS 23.0 software was used for data cleaning and statistical analysis. Results: A total of 25 825 HIV/AIDS patients were enrolled in this study. During the follow-up period, the overall mortality was 3.9/100 person year (8 354/214 796.3), among all the patients. The accumulate survival rates of 1 year, 4 years, 8 years, 12 years and 16 years after the initiation of ART were 91.2%, 80.1%, 71.2%, 65.7% and 61.5%, respectively. The results from the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis showed that male vs. female (aHR=1.46, 95%CI: 1.39-1.53); aged 45-49 years group and aged 60 and older years group of initiating ART vs. aged 15-44 years group of initiating ART respectively (aHR=1.47, 95%CI: 1.40-1.54; aHR=2.50, 95%CI: 2.22-2.81); other marital status vs. being married or under cohabitation (aHR=1.29, 95%CI: 1.21-1.36); baseline CD₄⁺T cells counts (CD₄)<50, 50-199 and 200-349 cells/μl respectively vs. baseline CD₄≥350 cells/μl (aHR=4.50, 95%CI: 4.14- 4.89; aHR=2.49, 95%CI: 2.31-2.69; aHR=1.44, 95%CI: 1.33-1.56); number of opportunistic infections at baseline were one case, 2-3 cases and 4-5 cases respectively vs. non opportunistic infections cases at baseline (aHR=1.17, 95%CI: 1.06-1.29; aHR=1.47, 95%CI: 1.35-1.59; aHR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.60-1.89); taking TMP-SMZ vs. not taking TMP-SMZ (aHR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.65- 0.73). Conclusions The 16-year accumulate survival rate was 61.5% among FPD living with HIV/AIDS after initiation of ART, during 2002 to 2017 in Henan province. The risk factors for FPD death case would include: being males, aged 45 and older years at the initiation of ART, baseline CD₄<350 cells/μl and the number of baseline opportunistic infections cases ≥1. The protective factors on FPD death appeared as: being married or cohabited as wel as on TMP-SMZ.

Objective To understand the factors associated with high risk behaviors among people newly diagnosed to be infected with HIV through heterosexual contact before and after diagnoses in some areas in Henan province,and evaluate the risk of secondary transmission.Methods A face to face interview was conducted among people infected with HIV through heterosexual contact by using self-designed questionnaires during January-May in 2015.Results Among 361 HIV infected persons,the proportions of those with commercial heterosexual behaviors or sex with irregular sex partners decreased from 77.3％(279/361) and 28.5％(103/361) before diagnosis to 13.6％ (49/361) and 2.5％(9/361) after diagnosis,the difference was significant (x2=16.66,P＜0.001;x2=4.80,P=0.03).The subjects surveyed always had more commercial heterosexual behaviors in Henan,Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces before and after diagnosis.After HIV infection confirmation,the condom use rates were 51.0％(25/49) for commercial heterosexual behaviors,88.5％ (184/208) for sex with regular partners and 88.9％(8/9) for sex with irregular partners,respectively.Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that risk behaviors associated with HIV transmission included commercial sexual behaviors,previous HIV detection and age of 35 years or older.Conclusions Extra-marital heterosexual behavior has posed serious challenge to the prevention and control of HIV spread.It is necessary to inform the HIV test results,improve the intervention and promote condom use in people with history of commercial sex and people aged ≥35 years.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention on preventing mother to child transmission of HIV and identify the influencing factors.Methods The data regarding the pregnant women and their infants were collected,including demographic characteristics,pregnancy and delivery,access to antiviral therapy,HIV infection status at age 18 months and survival of infants between 2002 and 2013 through follow-up,Multivariate logistic regression model were used to identify the influencing factors.Results By the end of 2013,a total of 8 621 554 pregnant women received HIV test,among them 2 264 were infected with HIV.The positive rate of HIV is 0.03％.The HIV positive rate decreased year by year (x2=4.871,P=0.027).A total of 1 530 infants were born from 2002 to 2013,among them 1 384 survived and 92 died at age of 18 months,and 54 were lost for follow up.Sixty infants were tested to be HIV-positive,1 324 infants were tested to be HIV-negative.The mother to child transmission rate was 4.34％,the corrective mother to child transmission rate was 6.33％.Receiving HIV prevention service in early pregnancy (OR=0.26,95％ CI:0.09-0.77),standardized antiviral therapy OR=0.42,95％CI:0.21-0.82),artificial feeding (OR=0.06,95％CI:0.02-0.21) might be the mam protective factors,episiotomy on delivery (OR=3.91,95％ CI:1.74-8.80) might be the risk factors.Conclusion The HIV tested positive rate remained to be low and decreased year by year in pregnant women in Henan,but the mother to child HIV transmission rate was high.It is necessary to improve the prevention of mother to child HIV transmission.

Objective To investigate the status of survival and related risk factors among HIV-exposed children in Henan province from 2002 to 2014.Methods A follow-up program was set up when infants as 1,3,6,9,12,18 month olds.Data regarding the HIV-exposed children and their mothers were collected,including service of PMTCT,antiviral therapy,incidence of infectious disease and survival status of infants.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to explore the risk factors.Results A total number of 1 705 HIV-infected infants were reported from 2002 to 2014.Among them,1 536 infants (90.09％) were still alive when they were at one and a half years old,with another 58 (3.40％) lost to follow up and 111 (6.51％) infants were dead.The cumulative mortality rates in HIV-exposed children,newborn,and HIV-exposed infants were 67.39‰,23.07‰,and 57.01‰,respectively.No statistical significance was found on the decreasing tendency of mortality in different years.The leading cause of death was noticed as pneumonia,with a proportion of 32.43％,followed by suspected AIDS.Early diagnosis had not been made in infants.Low-birth weight (OR=4.97,95％CI:3.12-7.92) seemed to be a risk factor.Early detection in pregnancy (OR=0.46,95％ CI:0.26-0.80) and HARRT provided to children (OR=0.25,95％ CI:0.15-0.42) were recognized as protective factors.Conclusions The mortality of HIV-exposed children were high,which called for the development of programs on early infant diagnosis and HARRT.Measures should be taken to prevent pneumonia and other infectious diseases,together with nutrition support and monitor program on growth.