Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are deifned as transcripts longer than 200 nt without coding capacities. Although they were initially argued to be transcriptional by-products of RNA polymeraseⅡ, recent evidence suggests that lncRNAs have been associated with a spectrum of biological processes, and aberrant lncRNA expression may be a major contributor to tumorigenesis, progression and prognosis. This study summarizes the up-to-date studies on lncRNAs in urological neoplasms.

Tumor angiogenesis is a complicated pathologic process, which plays an important role in the growth and metastasis of most solid tumors. Targeting at the angiogenesis and inhibiting tumor growth or metastasis, specific antibodies or inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis have been developed for this purpose. We summarized recent researches about the mechanism of tumor angiogenesis and the development of tumor angiogenesis inhibitors in this review.

The golden standard for the treatment of invasive bladder cancer is radical cystectomy. However its application is limited in certain circumstances because of surgical trauma,complications,and impacts on quality of life. As organ preservation protocols have become the standard in the treatment of some malignancies such as breast cancer、anal cancer、esophageal cancer,the multimodality treatment with bladder preservation was introduced to cure invasive bladder cancer, which can retain normal bladder function without a marked compromise of overall survival and is a viable, reasonable alternative for the treatment of invasive bladder cancer. This review highlights the advances in multimodality treatment with bladder preservation for invasive bladder cancer.

Treatment of hormonal refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) is nowadays a challenge in the clinic. Although different types of treatment such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, biotherapy, and radioisotope treatment have been used, their effects on patients' survival is uncertain. Docetaxel plus prednisone has been confirmed to be the first line regimen, which can effectively increase patients' survival. Zoladronic acid has been demonstrated to be efficacious in reducing bone related events, and has been widely applied in bone metastasis of prostate cancer. Targeted therapy is currently under intensive investigation for HRPC treatment, and many early clinical studies have shown their effective results, and further studies with larger samples may prove their efficacy. This review will cover different topics in terms of the treatment of hormonal refractory prostate cancer and update the progresses in recent clinical trials.

The incidence of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy varies significantly and depends on numerous well-known prognostic factors. It likely occurs in at least 30%~40% of patients who were diagnosed as localized disease and received radical prostatectomy. Because the clinical significance of biochemical recurrence is often unclear and other predictive factors relative to the recurrence are uncertain, it is difficult to select the best treatment for the patients who might relapse in the future. This review examines some of the issues associated with biological recurrence and attempts to shed some light on this common but controversial clinical scenario. Some treatment strategies were discussed in this article including salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy, watchful waiting, and hormonal therapy.

Radical prostatectomy is currently the most commonly used therapeutic option for treating localized prostate cancer. The procedure has been greatly improved in terms of techniques over the last 20 years, the associated complications and morbidity have been dramatically reduced. Currently the operation has high profile in terms of safety and is the best choice for the treatment of localized disease without compromising quality of life. This review gives a detailed description of the recent technical advances and modifications of the procedure. Current trends in surgical technique in this field are also presented. The individualized procedure could be performed according to the technical modifications to improve the final results. The progress in the standard laparoscopic and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is also reviewed.

As the incidence of prostate cancer has risen rapidly in China, it is important to optimize the workflow for the prevention and management of prostate cancer. This review analyzed the epidemiological trends of prostate cancer in both the United States and China, the comparison could provide significant evidence on how to improve prevention and management of prostate cancer. The rising incidence of prostate cancer in China is associated with lifestyle changes. The majority of prostate cancer patients have advanced disease. Screening of prostate-specific antigen is helpful in increasing the percentage of early-stage disease and ultimately improves survival.

Objective To investigate the role of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in the treatment of testicular cancer. Methods The clinical data of 39 cases (age range,20-58 years;median age,29 years) of germ cell tumor who underwent RPLND were retrospectively analyzed.Of the 39 cases,17 had the tumors on the left side and 22,on the right.One case was of seminoma,and the other 38 were of non-seminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT).According to the clinical examinations and radiology, 20 cases were of stage Ⅰ,15 of stage Ⅱ,and the rest 4 could not be staged. Results Of the 39 cases,10 with stage I tumors underwent nerve-sparing modified RPLND and the other 29 underwent bilateral RPLND.No metastasis was found in the dissected tissues in 22 cases,while metastasis,in 17 (including 4 of clinical stage I).All the patients with pathological metastases or elevation of blood tumor markers received postoperative chemotherapy.Follow-up was carried out for 1-149 months.The disease-free survival rate was 97.4%(38/39).Of the 10 cases receiving modified RPLND,8 regained their ejaculation function. Conclusions The probability of presence of the non-seminomatous components must be considered in the diagnosis and follow-up of seminoma cases,and the RPLND should be done if necessary.Nerve-sparing modified RPLND should be performed for clinical stage Ⅰ patients;while postoperative chemotherapy should be chosen for pathological stage Ⅱ patients.

Background and purpose:The genetic and epidemic events that mediate the progression from in-situ to invasive prostate carcinoma are poorly understood.Stoma factors may facilitate the growth and invasion of tumor cells that have lost regulatory mechanisms.However,in situ carcinoma cells are separated from the stoma by a continuous layer of basal epithelial cells.During progression to invasive carcinoma,the basal cell layer becomes disrupted and tumor cells adhere to the basement membrane.This paper discussed the role of Laminin-5 secreted by basal epithelial cells that participated in the invasion of in situ prostate cancer cells.Methods:BPH-1 cells were used as an in vitro model of pre-invasive prostate cancer cells in order to investigate the migration-promoting activity of secreted factors from basal epithelial cells.Adhesion proteins and chemotactic factors that stimulate adhesion,planar polarization,migration were studied by techniques such as immunofluorescent analysis,immunoprecipitation and Western blot.Results:The results showed that the conditioned medium of basal epithelial cells(PEC-CM) contained adhesion proteins and chemotactic factors that stimulated adhesion,planar polarization,migration,and could phosphorylate Akt.LY294002 and Wortmannin partially inhibited PEC-CM-triggered migration(P

Objective To investigate the expression of p27 kip1 protein in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia cells. Methods In 22 human prostatic samples, the expression of p27 kip1 protein in high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia cells was evaluated by using immunohistochemical analysis. Results The expression of p27 kip1 in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia cells was weaker than in adjacent prostatic epithelial cells in all the 22 prostate samples. Conclusions Decrease of the p27 kip1 expression may play a role in the development of PIN which may be an premalignant lesion.