Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is a novel virus that mainly causes respiratory tract infection, and it has the characteristic of genome of Parvovirus, containing three open reading frames that encode non-structural proteins NS1 and NP1 and structural proteins VP1 and VP2. Circular episome is present during the rolling circle replication of HBoV1, which provides the possibility of full genome amplification and infectious clone construction to save HBoV1. The recombination between HBoV1 and HBoV2-4 occurs frequently. With the three-dimensional culture, in vitro culture of HBoV1 provides a powerful tool for research on the pathogenesis of HBoV1. This review focuses on the molecular characteristics, association with diseases, in vitro culture, diagnosis and treatment of HBoV1.
Diarrhea ; virology ; Genomics ; Human bocavirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Humans ; Meningitis ; virology ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; virology

China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; virology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Norovirus

The deltacoronavirus is a new member of the subfamily Coronaviridae of the family Coronaviridae. Deltacoronaviruses can infect birds and mammals. Deltacoronaviruses were detected in early 2007 in Asian leopard cats and Chinese ferret badgers. In 2014, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection spread rapidly in the USA. Moreover, cell culture-adapted PDCoV has been obtained from infected piglets. Animal experiments have confirmed that the isolated PDCoV is highly pathogenic and causes severe diarrhea in piglets. Thus, the PDCoV can be considered to be a good model to study the deltacoronavirus. In this review, we discuss the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenicity, culture, and diagnostic methods of the PDCoV.
Animals ; Coronavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Coronavirus Infections ; veterinary ; virology ; Diarrhea ; veterinary ; virology ; Phylogeny ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; virology

The tissue distribution and cellular localization of viral antigens in three cattle with persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection was studied. In three cases, necropsy findings of oral ulcers, abmasal ulcers and necrosis of Peyer's patches were suspected have been caused by BVDV infection. Non-cytopathic BVDV was isolated from a tissue pool of liver, kidneys and spleen. Immunohistochemical detection of BVDV showed that BVDV antigens were detected in both epithelial and nonepithelial cells in all examined organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, lung, lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph nodes), adrenal gland, ovary, uterus, and the mammary gland. These findings support the hypothesis that animals with persistent BVDV infection spread BVDV through all routes, and that infertility in BVDV infection is associated with the infection of BVDV in the ovaries and uteri.
Adrenal Glands/pathology/virology ; Animals ; Antigens, Viral/*isolation & purification ; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/pathology/physiopathology/*virology ; Cattle ; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/immunology/*isolation & purification ; Digestive System/pathology/virology ; Female ; Immunohistochemistry/veterinary ; Infertility, Female/virology ; Kidney/pathology/virology ; Lung/pathology/virology ; Lymphatic System/pathology/virology ; Mammary Glands, Animal/virology ; Ovary/pathology/virology ; Uterus/pathology/virology

From November 2008 to January 2009, a sharp increase of diarrhea in children in Guangdong province appeared, we randomly collected 53 stool specimens from out-patient children with dirrhea in 3 major hospitals (Guangzhou City Children's Hospital, Shenzhen Baoan District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University). Rotavirus and calicivirus were screened by ELISA and RT-PCR. We found 29 cases of rotavirus infection with diverse serotypes. Only four cases were identified as calicivirus infection. The result indicated that rotavirus was a major pathogen of this high incidence of diarrhea from November 2008 to January 2009 in Guangdong Province.
Age Distribution ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Diarrhea, Infantile ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Feces ; virology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rotavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Serotyping

Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Rotavirus ; genetics ; Rotavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; virology

This study aimed to study the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of human bocavirus 1-4 (HBoV1-4) in children with acute diarrhea in Lanzhou and to investigate the association between HBoV and acute gastroenteritis. A total of 331 stool samples were collected from children aged under 5 years with acute diarrhea at the Department of Pediatrics, the First Hospital, Lanzhou University, between July 2012 and June 2013. Nested PCR was used to screen for HBoV and a general PCR was employed to screen other common diarrhea viruses. We found human bocavirus 1, 2, 3 and 4 in 26, 15, 7 and 1 cases, respectively. There was no specific seasonal distribution of HBoV, with infections occurring throughout the year. HBoV was mostly found in children aged between 7 and 12 months, with a mean age of 11.04 months (+/- 6.92 months), and 93.88% of affected children were aged under 2 years. Overall, 71.3% of mixed infections were mixed and the majority of other infections were caused by rotavirus. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of fever and vomiting associated with HBoV infection. A rare virus strain, HBoV4 (LZFB086), was identified, which showed highest levels of nucleotide sequence identity (99.0%) with a single Thai HBoV strain (JQ267789). No case of HBoV2B was found. In conclusion, HBoV1 was a major etiological pathogen of HBoV in pediatric cases in Lanzhou. HBoV4 was detected in feces for the first time in China. The rate of mixed infections was high and rotavirus was dominant. The data presented suggests that HBoV is not a major causative agent of gastroenteritis.
China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; virology ; Feces ; virology ; Human bocavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Infant ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Parvoviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Phylogeny ; Seasons

OBJECTIVETo learn the epidemiologic characteristics of rotavirus diarrhea in three hospitals under sentinel surveillance from August 2001 to July 2004 and to provide background information for developing and implementing rotavirus vaccine.

METHODSData from hospital-based rotavirus surveillance among children < 5 years old hospitalized with acute diarrhea was used. Patients' clinic information and feces specimens were collected. Specimens were tested and typed for rotavirus.

RESULTSTotally, 3121 specimens were tested and the detection rate of rotavirus was 51%. Among all the children with rotavirus diarrhea, 94% were < 2 years old. G3 (69.9%) was the most prevalent serotype followed by G1 (6.6%) and G2 (2.9%). P[8] was the most common genotype of rotavirus. The most common G-P combination identified in this study was P[8] G3 (64.0%). Seveal other combinations of minor frequency were also identified.

CONCLUSIONRotavirus infection was most commonly seen among children < 5 years old hospitalized with acute diarrhea in the three hospitals. It is important to develop and implement rotavirus vaccine to prevent and control severe rotavirus infection. Because of the diversity of rotavirus strains, it is necessary to perform rotavirus strain surveillance to understand the dynamic nature of viral transmission.

Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; virology ; Feces ; virology ; Female ; Hospitals ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Rotavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Sentinel Surveillance

OBJECTIVETo investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of norovirus in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2011.

METHODSA total of 183 water samples, 1162 seafood samples and 1066 diarrhea stool specimens were collected from January 2010 to May 2011, June 2009 to June 2011 and July 2009 to December 2010 respectively in Guangzhou. Norovirus was detected by real time reverse transcript-PCR (qRT-PCR). The partial polymerase gene was amplified from norovirus positive samples, then sequenced and compared with the sequences of norovirus in GenBank. The phylogenetic tree was created.

RESULTSThe positive rate was 19.67% (36/183), 8.26% (96/1162) and 37.05% (395/1066) in water samples, seafood and diarrhea patients respectively. Noroviruses from positive samples could be divided into 10 representative strains, in which 7 representative strains of genotype of 208 samples was type G2-4. The sequences from water, seafood and stool specimens were highly homologous with the similarity of 94% - 100%.

CONCLUSIONIn Guangzhou, the predominant Norovirus genotype was G2-4 and the positive rate of samples was high.

Base Sequence ; Caliciviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; virology ; Genotype ; Humans ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Norovirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral ; genetics ; Seafood ; virology ; Water Microbiology

China ; Diarrhea ; prevention & control ; virology ; Humans ; Viral Vaccines ; immunology ; Virus Diseases ; prevention & control