Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is a novel virus that mainly causes respiratory tract infection, and it has the characteristic of genome of Parvovirus, containing three open reading frames that encode non-structural proteins NS1 and NP1 and structural proteins VP1 and VP2. Circular episome is present during the rolling circle replication of HBoV1, which provides the possibility of full genome amplification and infectious clone construction to save HBoV1. The recombination between HBoV1 and HBoV2-4 occurs frequently. With the three-dimensional culture, in vitro culture of HBoV1 provides a powerful tool for research on the pathogenesis of HBoV1. This review focuses on the molecular characteristics, association with diseases, in vitro culture, diagnosis and treatment of HBoV1.
Diarrhea ; virology ; Genomics ; Human bocavirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Humans ; Meningitis ; virology ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; virology

China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; virology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Norovirus

OBJECTIVETo identification and analysis Aichi virus from diarrhea and normal children in Lanzhou, and discuss the relationship between Aichi virus and Infant Diarrhea.

METHODSAccording to the literature published data, Using RT-PCR method to amplified Aichi virus 3CD fragment and the positive products were sequenced and determined, and made the alignment analysis between the nucleotide sequences of the amplified fragment with the known sequence of this virus.

RESULTSThere was 1 case detection of Aichi virus in the 46 hospitalized children with diarrhea and 299 children with diarrhea out-patients specifically, Overall detection rate was 0.06%, and there was no Aichi virus was detected in normal control children. 2 viral 3CD gene and the known reference strains of nucleotide sequences were 97%, while phylogenetic analysis showed that genotype of 2 viral belongs to the B.

CONCLUSIONSThere existed B Genotype of Aichi virus in China, and more research is needed to clarified the etiology and epidemiology of Aichi virus characteristics.

Child ; China ; Diarrhea ; virology ; Feces ; virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Kobuvirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Picornaviridae Infections ; virology

The deltacoronavirus is a new member of the subfamily Coronaviridae of the family Coronaviridae. Deltacoronaviruses can infect birds and mammals. Deltacoronaviruses were detected in early 2007 in Asian leopard cats and Chinese ferret badgers. In 2014, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection spread rapidly in the USA. Moreover, cell culture-adapted PDCoV has been obtained from infected piglets. Animal experiments have confirmed that the isolated PDCoV is highly pathogenic and causes severe diarrhea in piglets. Thus, the PDCoV can be considered to be a good model to study the deltacoronavirus. In this review, we discuss the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenicity, culture, and diagnostic methods of the PDCoV.
Animals ; Coronavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Coronavirus Infections ; veterinary ; virology ; Diarrhea ; veterinary ; virology ; Phylogeny ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; virology

The tissue distribution and cellular localization of viral antigens in three cattle with persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection was studied. In three cases, necropsy findings of oral ulcers, abmasal ulcers and necrosis of Peyer's patches were suspected have been caused by BVDV infection. Non-cytopathic BVDV was isolated from a tissue pool of liver, kidneys and spleen. Immunohistochemical detection of BVDV showed that BVDV antigens were detected in both epithelial and nonepithelial cells in all examined organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, lung, lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph nodes), adrenal gland, ovary, uterus, and the mammary gland. These findings support the hypothesis that animals with persistent BVDV infection spread BVDV through all routes, and that infertility in BVDV infection is associated with the infection of BVDV in the ovaries and uteri.
Adrenal Glands/pathology/virology ; Animals ; Antigens, Viral/*isolation & purification ; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/pathology/physiopathology/*virology ; Cattle ; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/immunology/*isolation & purification ; Digestive System/pathology/virology ; Female ; Immunohistochemistry/veterinary ; Infertility, Female/virology ; Kidney/pathology/virology ; Lung/pathology/virology ; Lymphatic System/pathology/virology ; Mammary Glands, Animal/virology ; Ovary/pathology/virology ; Uterus/pathology/virology

From November 2008 to January 2009, a sharp increase of diarrhea in children in Guangdong province appeared, we randomly collected 53 stool specimens from out-patient children with dirrhea in 3 major hospitals (Guangzhou City Children's Hospital, Shenzhen Baoan District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University). Rotavirus and calicivirus were screened by ELISA and RT-PCR. We found 29 cases of rotavirus infection with diverse serotypes. Only four cases were identified as calicivirus infection. The result indicated that rotavirus was a major pathogen of this high incidence of diarrhea from November 2008 to January 2009 in Guangdong Province.
Age Distribution ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Diarrhea, Infantile ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Feces ; virology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rotavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Serotyping

Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Rotavirus ; genetics ; Rotavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; virology

OBJECTIVETo sequence the complete sequence of bocavirus I with sequence independent single primer amplification (SISPA-PCR).

METHODSTo exclude the co-effection samples, all clinical samples of diarrhea cases were screened with special primers of rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, calicivirus and bocavirus I. The virus were enriched through ultracentrifugation. Other nucleic acids, such as human and bacteria genomes, were degradated by DNase I and RNase. DNA of bocavirus was Amplificated with SISPA-PCR, then purificated, cloned and sequenced. The sequences were alighmented in nr with blastn and assembled with DNAstar.

RESULTSA 4834bp sequence of bocavirus I were assembled.

CONCLUSIONSISPA-PCR is an economical and efficient technique for sequence a virus complete genome.

Base Sequence ; Bocavirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; DNA Primers ; genetics ; Diarrhea ; virology ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Parvoviridae Infections ; virology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence of adenoviruses (AdV) and their genotypes in infants and young children with diarrhea.

METHODSA total of 380 children with diarrhea aged less than 3 years were enrolled. The genomic DNA was extracted from stool and PCR was used to detect AdV. Clone sequencing and genotyping were performed for DNA in AdV-positive specimens.

RESULTSAdV was detected in 24 out of 380 specimens, and the detection rate was 6.3% (24/380). A majority of children with positive AdV were aged 2-3 years. The viral sequence analysis of positive specimens showed that the detection rates of enteric AdV41 and non-enteric AdV were 4.2% (16/380) and 2.1% (8/380), respectively, and among the children with non-enteric AdV, there were 2 with AdV1, 2 with AdV2, 1 with AdV7, 2 with AdV12, and 1 with AdV31.

CONCLUSIONSDiarrhea caused by AdV is commonly seen in children aged 2-3 years, and AdV41 is the major predominant strain.

Adenoviridae ; classification ; genetics ; Child, Preschool ; Diarrhea ; virology ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male

Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; etiology ; virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Rotavirus ; Rotavirus Infections ; epidemiology