The development concepts of innovative,coordinated,green,open and sharing (hereinafter referred to as the the Five Development Concepts) put forward in the fifth plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China are our party's new understanding of the development laws of China.The concepts are guiding principles for China's 13th Five-Year-Plan and even longer period of time.The Five Development Concepts is a theoretical guarantee for completing the task and goals of China's 13th Five-Year-Plan on endemic disease prevention and control.According to many years experiences in prevention and control of endemic diseases,and combined with the understanding of the the Five Development Concepts,the author discussed how to use the Five Development Concepts as guide lines to conduct the prevention and control of endemic diseases.

Arsenic exposure can cause health problems to our body but arsenic can also be used to treat some diseases through induction of cell apoptosis.These effects are due to arsenic toxicity,but the mechanism is still unclear.Recent studies have showed that cell apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress is associated with the mechanism.Therefore,in this paper,the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in arsenic toxicity has been reviewed and some problems in current studies are pointed out,so as to provide clues and basis for further scientific research.

Fluoride can cause phrenology and non-phrenology damage,but the mechanisms were unclear.It is reported that fluoride can decrease protein synthesis and induce cell apoptosis,leading to extensive systemic damage.Many studies have found that the mechanism is closely associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress.Protein kinase receptor-like ER kinase/Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (PERK/eIF2α) signaling pathway is the first activation pathway when endoplasmic reticulum stress occurs which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of fluorosis.This present paper is focused on the role of PERK/elF2α signaling pathway-related factors in the systemic and organism damages resulted from fluorosis,which may provide new ideas in mechanism and prevention of fluorosis.

In this experiment, we introduced human interleukin-2(lL-2)gene and Neomycin resistance (Neo~R) gene into a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line GLC, using a retroviral vector PLXSN. The positive cells obtained by selecting in G418 were compared with the wild-type cells. We observed their growth characteristics in vitro and the quantity of IL-2 in the culture supernatants. PCR result demonstrated the integration of foreign genes into tumor genome DNA after transfection and permanent existence. Under electron microscope, what can be seen was the surface villi of trans-duced-cells are less and shorter. It deserves further investigation to determine whether the change of cell surface influence metastatic ability of cells.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of total glucosides of peony (TGP) as adjuvant therapy for prevention of cardiac allograft rejection in rats. METHODS: Rats with cardiac allograft were randomly divided into control group, tacrolimus-treated group, TGP-treated group and tacrolimus plus TGP-treated group. Graft survival time was observed. Allografts in some cases were examined by histological study seven days after transplantation. At the same time, the levels of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets in peripheral blood were examined by using flow cytometry; the hepatic function and renal function of recipients were also tested. RESULTS: The graft survival time of the tacrolimus-treated group and tacrolimus plus TGP-treated group was (11.14+/-1.57) d and (13.57+/-1.99) d, respectively. The graft survival time of the tacrolimus plus TGP-treated group was longer than that of the tacrolimus-treated group (P<0.05). The histological study showed that the rejection of the tacrolimus plus TGP-treated group was slighter than that of the tacrolimus-treated group. The levels of CD4(+) T cell subset in the peripheral blood of the tacrolimus-treated and tacrolimus plus TGP-treated groups were (38.71+/-5.15)% and (32.43+/-4.39)% respectively 7 days after transplantation. The level of CD4(+) T cell subset in the tacrolimus plus TGP-treated group was lower than that in the tacrolimus-treated group (P<0.05). The level of CD8(+) T cell subset and the hepatic and renal function had no significant differences between the tacrolimus-treated group and the tacrolimus plus TGP-treated group. CONCLUSION: Effects of tacrolimus plus TGP in prevention of rejection are better than tacrolimus monotherapy in rats with cardiac allograft and without increasing side effects.

Objective To explore the factors affecting urinary arsenic methylated metabolites in population exposed to elevated arsenic through drinking water.Methods Residents,including 73 males and 72 females,in a endemic village located in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region where the concentration of arsenic in drinking water was 0.167 mg/L,were included in the study; moming urine samples were collected; individual height and weight were measured which could be used to calculate body mass index(BM庆) ; and smoking and drinking habit was investigated by a questionnaire survey.Urinary concentrations of inorganic arsenic (iAs),monomethylarsenic acid(MMA) and dimethylarsenic acid(DMA) were determined using high performance liquid chromatography hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC-HG-AFC).Total arsenic (T-As) level was calculated by the sum of iAs,MMA and DMA; iAs％,MMA％ and DMA％ was calculated based on iAs/T-As,MMA/T-As and DMA/T-As.One methylation ratio(PMI) and dimethyl rate(SMI) were calculated by MMA/iAs and DMA/MMA.Results SMI level of female was significantly higher than that of male [median (M) =4.18,3.38,x2 =11.219,P ＜ 0.05] ; MMA％ of female was significantly lower than that of male(M =15.1 9,18.06,x2 =9.272,P ＜ 0.05) ; DMA％ of female was significantly higher than that of male (M =65.61,59.47,x2 =11.728,P ＜ 0.05).Various forms of arsenic indexes were not affected by smoking,alcohol consumption and BMI(P ＞ 0.05).BMI was negatively correlated with MMA％,with correlation coefficient (r)-0.17 (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Under the same condition of arsenic exposure,arsenic methylation capacity of women is higher than that of men.Lower BMI is significantly associated with higher methylation capability of arsenic,but this correlation may be affected by other confounding factors.

ve To investigate the intake of fluoride of residents in pastoral area of Beier Lake and its main source. Methods Two of the typical endemic fluorosis villages were selected as observation sites in Xinbaerhuyouqi County of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The amount of milk-tea drank by residents was investigated, the drinking water samples, brick-tea samples and milk-tea samples were collected from 10 families randomly selected as observation families. The contents of fluoride of 3 kinds of samples were determined by iron selective electrode method. Results The contents of fluoride in drinking water samples, brick-tea samples and milk-tea samples reached higher levels, namely, 4.12-4.37 mg/L, 780.3-800.0 mg/L and 5.80-5.88 mg/L respectively in two investigation sites. The intake of fluoride from milk-tea of adults was (8.70 ?3.91) mg/d and (9.50?3.22) mg/d respectively, of which, 75.34% and 70.07% came from drinking water, 24.66% and 29.93% came from brick-tea in two observation sites. Conclusion The two observation sites with the higher levels of fluoride intake far exceeding the related Na-tional Standards were composite endemic fluorosis area with a fluoride exposure route mainly via drinking water.

Objectives To analyze and compare four correction methods for measuring thyroid volume,and to find out the best one for thyroid volume correction of children aged 8-10.Methods In 2012 and 2013,the project was carried out in iodine deficient rural areas (water iodine below 10 μg/L) of Jilin and Gansu Provinces,10 villages in each province were chosen as survey sites,and 40 children of 8 to 10 years old were chosen from each village,half boys and half girls.Utrasonography was adopted to determine the thyroid volume,and height and weight were measured.The thyroid volume was corrected by Body Mass Indicator(BMI),weight and height,body surface,and height,separately.Body Mass Indicator corrected Volume (BMIV),Weight and Height corrected Volume Indicator(WHVI),Body Surface Area corrected Volume(BSAV) and Height corrected Volume Indicator(HVI) were calculated and compared with their original thyroid volumes to find out the best one.Results Datas of 450 and 408 children were collected from Jilin and Gansu Provinces,separately.According to their original thyroid volumes,goiter rates of Jilin and Gansu were 10.4％ (47/450) and 0.5％ (2/408),respectively.All these four methods could decrease the difference between provinces and sexes.Among the four methods,WHIV and BSAV were abnormal for correction of different ages,heights and weights.HVI had the most normalized distribution and stronger correlation with the original thyroid volumes than others(r =0.961).The HVI corrected results had similar distribution with the original thyroid volume but the data were different.After being adjusted by 1.7 × HVI,the results were close to the original thyroid volumes.Goiters in Jilin and Gansu Provinces,were 9.1％(41/450) and 0.5％(2/408),respectively,after correction.Conclusion The 1.7 × HVI is the most suitable method for correcting the thyroid volume of children aged 8-10.

Objectives To study the changes of thyroid function under different urinary iodine levels and pregnant trimesters,and to investigate the urinary iodine standard of pregnant women,taken thyroid function as a golden standard.Methods Early,mid and late trimester pregnant women in the iodine deficient rural areas of Gansu and Jilin Provinces were selected,at least 70 cases were included for each trimester in each province.Pregnant women included were physically healthy;cases should be excluded if their immediate relatives had a thyroid disease history.Urinary iodine,free triiodothyronine (FT3),free thyroxine (FT4),thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb),thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb),and edible salt iodine from pregnant women's home were tested.The urinary iodine was measured with the method for determination of iodine in urine by As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry (WS/T 107-2006).Thyroid function was tested by chemiluminescence method,salt iodine was determined by direct titration method (GB/T 13025.7-1999).Results Totally 439 pregnant women were investigated in the two provinces.Median of urine iodine was 178.6 μg/L;for the 215 women in Gansu,the value was 156.4 μg/L;for the 224 women in Jilin,the value was 206.4 μg/L.Along with the increase of urinary iodine,the FT3 of Gansu decreased from 5.77 pmol/L to 5.34 pmol/L,TSH increased from the lowest 2.63 mU/L to 3.75 mU/L;the FT3 of Jilin increased from 4.41 pmol/L to 4.45 pmol/L,TSH increased from the lowest 0.92 mU/L to 1.50 mU/L.Five indicators of thyroid function of more than 97％ pregnant women were in normal range and FT3 was the most stable in the three trimesters.FT3 of the three triimesters in Gansu was 6.27,5.76,5.28 pmol/L,respectively,and that in Jilin was 4.50,4.42,4.32 pmol/L,respectively.The 5％ and 95％ quantile were 55.24,581.27 μg/L of urinary iodine,of pregnant women with normal thyroid function.Conclusions Under different urinary iodine levels,pregnant women's thyroid function is relatively stable.TSH has showed an increasing trend with increasing iodine level.Along with the progress of pregnancy,the urinary iodine is different among the three pregnancy periods,but the thyroid function is stable.The pregnant women with normal thyroid function have a urinary iodine level between 50-600 μg/L.

Objective To investigate the effects of excessive aluminum on osteoclastic formation and function in C57BL/6 mice.Methods Six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (n =20) were randomized by weight and divided into control group and treatment group.The mice were assigned to distilled water and 270 mg/L aluminum ion,respectively.After the 15-week treatment period,the mice were euthanized by ether asphyxiation.Concentration of serum aluminum ion was determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP).TRAP+ cells in vivo were observed using histomorphometry and osteoclasts microstructure using electron microscope (TEM).Osteoclasts were induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) with bone marrow macrophages separated from femur and tibia.The expression of mRNA related with bone resorption was detected,including c-FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (c-Fos),nuclear factor of activated T-cells cl (NFATc1),c-nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (c-Src),dentrocyte expressed seven transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP),d2 isoform of vacuolar (H1) ATPase v0 domain (ATP6v0d2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9).Results The data showed that the treatment group [(12.04 ± 0.21)mg/L] had significantly increased serum aluminum ion compared with the control group [(11.00 ± 0.04)mg/L,F =10.286,P ＜ 0.05].TRAP+ cells examination confirmed osteoclasts in treatment group [(31.39 ± 9.80) number] were significantly higher than those in the control group [(5.46 ± 4.15) number,F =9.344,P ＜ 0.05].A large proportion of osteoclasts in treatment group lacked ruffled borders and showed vacuolation degeneration.The expression of mRNA in treatment group was lower than that of the control group.The expression of mRNA in control group and treatment group was NFATcl (3.25 ± 0.93 vs.0.29 ± 0.18,F =11.602,P ＜ 0.05),c-Fos (0.86 ± 0.16 vs.0.16 ± 0.02,F =9.405,P ＜ 0.05),c-Src (8.82 ± 1.51 vs.2.29 ± 0.36,F =9.128,P ＜ 0.05),DC-STAMP (3.70 ± 0.70 vs.1.36 ± 0.57,F =10.298,P ＜ 0.05),ATP6v0d2 (15.60 ± 4.81 vs.1.39 ± 0.95,F =8.828,P ＜ 0.05),and MMP-9 (18.64 ± 7.62 vs.2.10 ± 0.92,F =9.356,P ＜ 0.05),respectively.Conclusions Aluminum can increase the number of osteoclasts under epiphyseal plate,but inhibits osteoclasts differentiation.This phenomena may be related with decreased expression of c-Src,DC-STAMP,c-Fos,NFATcl,ATP6v0d2 and MMP-9 mRNA which regulate the function of osteoclasts.