Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of infratentorial primary angiitis in central nervous system (PACNS).Methods A total of 5 cases diagnosed as infratentorial PACNS in the neurology department of Navy General Hospital of PLA in 2015 were enrolled in the study.The clinical,imaging and pathological data were collected and analyzed.Results All the 5 cases were male with the median onset age of thirty-four.Five cases presented with dizziness,two with headache,three with walking unstable,two with facial numbness and one with dysarthria.Rising pressure of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (190-245 cmH2O,1 cmH2O =0.098 kPa) was found in 4 cases by the lumbar puncture,mildly increased number of leukocyte in 2 cases [(12-28) × 106/L],increased CSF protein in 3 cases(540-979 mg/L) and increased IgG index in 3 cases (0.84-1.45).Pons lesions were revealed by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) in 4 cases,brachium pontis lesions in 2 cases,cerebellum lesions in 2 cases,one with midbrain lesion in 1 case,unilateral lesions in 4 cases and bilateral lesion in 1 case.Different degree of edema and mass effect were shown in all lesions by MRI.Patch like enhancement was found by contrast MRI in 5 cases and meningeal enhancement in 2 cases.Elevation of choline (Cho) peak was found by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in 4 cases,reduction of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) peak in 3 cases,appearance of lactate peak in 1 case and lipid peak in another case.Arterial spin labeling (ASL) was performed in 4 cases and no hyperperfusion was found.Susceptibility weighted imaging(SWI) was performed in 3 cases and microhemorrhage in the lesions was found in 2 cases and normal in 1 case.Magnetic resonance arteriography(MRA) was performed in 1 case and no stenosis was found.Digital subtraction arteriography(DSA) was performed in 1 case and multiple stenosis of the intracranial arteries was showed.Two cases had taken the stereotactic brain biopsy and the histopathologic diagnosis was angiitis.Five cases were treated with methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide was added on in 1 case.Good prognosis was found in all cases.Conclusions Infratentorial PACNS mostly attacks middle-aged males.The lesions tend to locate in unilateral pons,brachium pontis,cerebellum and midbrain.Hemorrhage or microhemorrhage in lesions is often found by SWI and no hyperperfusion is shown by ASL,which would be useful to distinguish PACNS from malignant tumors.Given the limitations of brain biopsy in clinical practice,clinical and imaging features would be helpful to diagnose PACNS.

Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) is positioned to provide various strategies for people with disabilities for achieving the embracing development of the community. CBR is also the terminal of the three-level rehabilitation service system. This paper analyzed the status of domestic community-based rehabilitation based on the document, discussed the possible problems referred to the international concepts about CBR, and suggested a new service pattern of CBR based on the internet and information technology.

BACKGROUND:Studies have shown that bone loss can lead to a series of diseases, such as osteoporotic fractures, thus seeking to increase bone mass has become a goal of the majority of researchers.
OBJECTIVE:To summarize the current studies of improving bone mass by using stem cel transplantation, hoping to the extensive application of stem cel transplantation in the clinical treatment of osteoporosis as early as possible.
METHODS:A computer-based search of PubMed and CNKI was performed by the first author to retrieve articles relevant to stem cel therapy for osteoporosis published from January 1997 to October 2014. The keywords were“to improve bone mass, regenerative medicine, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel transplantation, stem cel therapy”in Chinese and English, respectively, which appeared in the title, abstract or keywords. Articles published recently or in authoritative journals were preferred, and final y 28 articles were included in result analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s which are isolated and cultured easily can proliferate rapidly and have multi-lineage differentiation potential. Studies have shown that the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s can real y improve bone mass, and obtain more achievements in the treatment of orthopedic disorders. This new cel therapy can help to accelerate bone healing and reduce treatment time, offering a new therapeutic choice for orthopedic surgery, plastic surgery, oral and maxil ofacial surgery, and therefore, it has broad application prospects.

AIM To investigate the neuroprotective effects and possible mechanisms of saponins from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. (SAaB) on neuronal damage induced by amyloid β-protein fragments 25-35 (Aβ25-35). METHODS Cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with Aβ25-35 (20 μmol·L-1) for 0.5, 1, 2 and 6 h or preincubated with SAaB (10, 30 and 100 μmol·L-1)for 10 min or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) specific inhibitors (p38 MAPK inhibitor SB 203580 and MEK specific inhibitor PD98059) for 30 min prior to the addition of Aβ25-35(20 μmol·L-1). After stimulation with Aβ25-35 for the indicated times, total cellular extracts were prepared for Western blotting of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAPK. After stimulation with Aβ25-35 for 48 h, the supernatants of cultured macrophages were collected for quantification of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in macrophages was determined by immunocytochemical staining. To determine whether SAaB has protective effect against neuronal apoptosis mediated by Aβ25-35-induced macrophages activation, macrophages were stimulated with Aβ25-35 in the presence or absence of SAaB (10, 30 and 100 μmol·L-1) for 48 h and then the cell-free supernatant of Aβ25-35-stimulated macrophages was transferred to the culture of cerebellar granule neurons for 72 h. Neuronal apoptosis was quantitated by scoring the percentage of cells with apoptotic nuclear morphology after Hoechst 33258 staining. RESULTS Aβ25-35(20 μmol·L-1) significantly induced increase in phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-p38 MAPK protein expression without affecting total protein levels and in the production of TNF-α and NO in cultured macrophages. Aβ25-35-induced increase of TNF-α production in macrophages involved activation of ERK1/2 signal pathway. Importantly, TNF-α and NO generated by cultured macrophages after Aβ25-35 stimulation may be responsible for the majority of the neuronal apoptosis. SAaB (30 and 100 μmol·L-1) significantly suppressed Aβ25-35-induced increase in phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-p38 MAPK protein. In addition, SAaB (10, 30 and 100 μmol·L-1) also decreased the level of TNF-α and NO in supernatants of cultured macrophage and inhibited Aβ25-35-induced increase in iNOS protein expression of macrophages. Neuronal apoptosis mediated by Aβ25-35-induced macrophage activation was also significantly attenuated by treatment with SAaB (10, 30 and 100 μmol·L-1). CONCLUSION SAaB protects neurons against the neuronal cell death induced by Aβ25-35. The beneficial effects of SAaB may be related to the reduction of TNF-α and NO from activated macrophage induced by Aβ25-35.

Objective To discover the significance of neurofilament light (NFL) chain of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), an axonal injury biomarker, in diagnosis and prognosis prediction of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders(NMOSD).Methods Sixty-one NMOSD patients and 24 other patients such as neurosis, migraine and so on, with lumbar puncture were enrolled as NMOSD group and normal control (NC) group from in and out patients of Department of Neurology of Navy General Hospital from January 2014 to August 2016. The clinical and neuroimaging features of NMOSD group and CSF samples of both groups were collected,and the NFL levels of CSF were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The CSF NFL levels in different subtypes of NMOSD patients were compared, and the influence factors of the NFL levels in CSF were calculated by multiple linear regression analysis. Results The NFL levels of CSF in NMOSD group (2 729.00(14 862.00) pg/ml) were significantly higher than that in NC group ((299.50(308.00) pg/ml, t=8.588, P=0.000;t test of NFL levels was performed after logarithmicly transforming based on 10). There were no statistically significant differences of CSF NFL levels among optic neuritis, longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis and neuromyelitis optica. In NMOSD group, age (b=0.017, P<0.01), Expanded Disability Status Scale score (b=0.078, P<0.05) and enhancement in gadolinium-magnetic resonance imaging (b=0.478, P<0.01) were correlated with the NFL levels of CSF, while gender, courses of diseases and aquaporin 4 antibody in serum were not related to the NFL levels. Conclusion The NFL levels of CSF are conducive to assess the severity and probable progress of NMOSD.

Objective To study the association of the CAG repeat length polymorphism in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene with metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components in men.Methods We used cluster sampling method to select 910 middle-and old-aged male subjects from the communities in Yinchuan and Wuzhong cities,Ningxia.Their body height,weight and blood pressure were measured;their testosterone (TT),serum lipids,fasting glucose (FBG) and fasting insulin (FINS) were assayed;and their body mass index (BMI) and free testosterone (FT) were calculated.Length of CAG repeats in exon 1 of the AR gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing method.The subjects were divided into MS group (n =304) and normal control group (n=606) according to the diagnosis standards of MS.Results No obvious difference in the frequency distribution of CAG repeats in the AR gene was found between MS group and normal control group.The systolic blood pressure in the mcn with CAG repeat number of less than 22 was significantly higher than that in those with CAG repeat number of 22 or more,but HDL-C was significantly lower than men with CAG repeat number of 22 or more.However,the two groups did not significantly differ in diastolic blood pressure,other blood lipids level,FBG,FINS,BMI,TT or FT.The men with CAG repeat number of less than 22 had a higher prevalence of hypertension than those with CAG repeat number of 22 or more,but the prevalence of MS and other components of MS in the two groups had no significant difference,Conclusion The length of CAG repeats in exon 1 of the AR gene is related to the occurrence of hypertension and the dccreased level of HDL-C,but not to the incidence of MS.The number (less than 22) of CAG repeats of the AR gene may be a genetic factor of the occurrence of hypertension and reduced level of HDL-C.

Objective To study the distribution of rs2234693 and rs9340799 of estrogen receptor (ER)gene and the relationship between them and lipid metabolism in the Ningxia Hui group,China.Methods We used cluster sampling method to select 5 3 3 cases of Ningxia Yinchuan communities of Hui. SNP genotyping was performed using the Sequenom MassARRAY platform.Results ① The frequencies of the distribution of each genotype of rs2234693 in Ningxia Hui population were the same as those in Chinese Han and Dai,Americans, Europeans,and Japanese (P>0.05).The distribution of each genotype of rs9340799,especially AA genotype,was different from that in Europeans (P<0 .0 5 ).② The body mass index in dyslipidemia group was significantly different from that in the control group (P<0.01).③ The risk of dyslipidemia in subjects with GG genotype of rs9340799 was 2.97 times higher than that in subjects with other genotypes (OR=2.97,P<2.97 ).After adjustment of gender,age,and body mass index (BMI),estrogen level was also 2.76 times higher (OR=2.76,P<0.05).(4)The frequency of C-G in rs2234693-rs9340799 haplotype was greater than that in the control group,but without any significant difference (P>0.05).Conclusion ER genes distribution in the Hui nationality of Ningxia is significantly different from that in other races;rs2234693 has no obvious relationship with the occurrence of dyslipidemia while GG genotype in SNP rs9340799 significantly increases the risk of lipid metabolism disorders.