Objective To investigate the effects of low-dose nuclear radiation exposure on the body by analyzing the antioxidant indices, immune indices, lymphocyte proliferation activity, and blood biochemical indices of persons exposed to long-term low-dose nuclear radiation, and to provide a basis for radiation protection and occupational health monitoring. Methods Eighty nuclear radiation workers were selected as the exposure group, and another 30 non-exposure personnel were selected as the control group. In both groups, blood biochemistry, serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lymphocyte proliferation activity, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), apoptosis factors Bcl-2 and Bax, lymphocyte transformation rate, and lymphocyte micronucleus rate were measured. Results Compared with the control group, T-AOC, GSH-Px, SOD, cell proliferation activity, PCNA, Bcl-2, lymphocyte transformation rate, white blood cell count, and platelet count in the exposure group were significantly decreased, while MDA and Bax were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The lymphocyte micronucleus rate showed no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Long-term low-dose exposure to nuclear radiation has certain effects on related indices of workers, but does not cause significant damage. The personnel exposed to nuclear radiation should enhance the awareness of protection and strengthen scientific protection to reduce radiation damage.