Objective To investigate perioperative anxiety and depression of patients undergoing prosthetic augmentation mammoplasty.Methods A total of 123 patients undergoing prosthetic augmentation mammoplasty were involved in the retrospective analysis.Hamilton anxiety scale (14 Edition) and Hamilton depression scale (version 24) were used to evaluate anxiety and depression perspectively before and after surgery.The data were subjected to statistical analysis and correlation factor analysis.Results We found that anxiety scale scores had significant difference before and after surgery (P＜0.05),and ression scale scores had no significant difference (P＞0.05).We also found that the anxiety after surgery were positively correlated with anxiety and depression before surgery (r=0.377,0.313,P=0.001),and the depression after surgery was also positively correlated with anxiety and depression before surgery (r=0.359,0.298,P=0.001).It suggested the patients with symptoms of anxiety and depression before surgery might appear the same symptoms within a week after surgery.Conclusions Anxiety symptoms before surgery in patients with prosthetic augmentation mammoplasty are significantly higher than that after surgery,but the symptoms decrease when finished surgery.The patients with symptoms of anxiety and depression before surgery probably present with symptoms of anxiety and depression in a week after surgery.