Even though chemistry is now in place that potentially allows high coupling efficiencies to be attained, successful coupling is usually a challenge when so-called "difficult sequences" is encountered in peptide synthesis. Some factors that affect the coupling efficiency have been discussed and related methods to overcome those obstacles have been introduced in present review. All suggestions proposed here are valuable and also feasible to improve the coupling completeness in both liquid-phase or solid-phase peptide synthesis.

Objective To explore the correlation between fatigue and depression after cerebral infarction. Methods 112 cases were assessed with Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), depression dimension of Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90d) and Checklist Individual Strength (CIS). The data were analyzed with Spearman correlation analysis. Results The correlation coefficient between SDS and SCL-90d was 0.822 (P<0.01), and were 0.671 (P<0.01) and 0.640 (P<0.01) between CIS and SDS, CIS and SCL-90d, respectively. Conclusion The fatigue and depression after cerebral infarction is correlated.

Poststroke fatigue is not a single etiology disorder.As a kind of central fatigue,the basal ganglia,thalamencephalon,limbic system and the high grade cortical area man be involved,but none of them can be identified as the fatigue area.Some literature suggest the interrelationship between the proinflammatory cytokines,such as IL-1,TNF-α,IL-6,and fatigue.Since the pathologic process of stroke involving cytokines,the researchers proposed that poststroke fatigue may be related to sickness behavior promoted by proinflammatory cytokines ultimately.The physical fatigue may be associated with the proinflammatory cytokines's activation to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,and the psychological fatigue may involve that proinflammatory cytokines decreased the clearance of extracellular glutamate by astroglia.

0.05). The threshold of warm of digit 2 differed remarkably from digit 5 ( P

Objective: To investigate factors related to quality of life among nurses. Methods: 1103 nurses were sampled from 5 hospitals and administered with WHOQOL-100. Results: There were significant differences between nurses' on major variables of quality of life. Levels of depression and anxiety had important influence on the quality of life of nurses. Conclusion: The quality of life of nurses was within normal range. Some variables such as mental health status and family factors might play an important role in nurses' quality of life.

Objective: To investigate the quality of life of n ur ses in general hospital Method: 574 nurses in a general hospit a l were sampled and tested with WHOQOL-100 Results: Compared wi t h Chinese norm, the following fields and aspects had no significant difference They were fields of physiology, social relationship and aspects of medical servi ce and social security, of recreation There were significant difference to nor m in the other four fields and 22 aspects Among them, aspects of pain, sleep, d e pendence on medication or other medical service, sex life, and environment had l ower scores than the counterparts in norm Other aspects had higher scores than norm (p

Objective To explore the clinical and imaging features of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome(RPLES).Methods The data of clinic five cases with RPLES were analyzed retrospectively.Results The primary diseases in this group were hypertension for one case,uraemia for three cases and lupus nephropathy for another.Clinical features of five patients include acute onset of hypertension,headache with vomiting.Neurological symptoms were conscious disturbance,seizures(in 5 cases)and visual disorder(in 3 cases).The movement of limbs were normal.The abnormal laboratery data was renal inadequacy in 5 cases.The findings of imaging of all cases included bilateral white matter of parietal and occipital lobe abnormalities,which appeared as large areas of low density on CT scan,hypo-intense in T1 and hyper-intense in T2 on MRI scan.Four cases presented clinical symptoms improvement in a short time and radiological recovery obviously after anti-hypertensive and anhydration therapy.One patient died caused on brain herniation.Conclusions Clinical features of RPLES is brain damage associated with malignant hypertension or the use of immunosuppressive agents.The most important pathogenesis is considered to be failure of the self regulation of cerebral vascular circulation.The imaging findings are bilateral symmetry cortical and subcortical edema in the posterior areas of the brain.Most patients can be recovery by timely therapy,otherwise the irreversible neuronal injury even death can be also found in very few serious cases.

Colon capsule endoscopy( CCE)is a new technique for the diagnosis of colonic lesions,it has many advantages such as high safety,good tolerance,etc. . Bowel preparation is an important procedure in CCE. The quality of bowel preparation is closely related with the accuracy of CCE. This article reviewed the progress in research on bowel preparation for CCE.

Objective To investigate the potential value of VEGF-C targeted ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO)molecular probe in specific detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)in a rat model using MRI.Methods The targeted probe was synthesized by conjugating VEGF-C antibody with amino modified USPIO.Cell counting kit-8 assay was conducted to as-certain the probe’s effect on the growth of HepG2 cells.Rat models with HCC were divided into two groups (targeted group with VEGF-C-USPlO and a contrast with USPIO)with 3 rats for each group at random.Pre-and post-contrast enhanced MR imaging with different time points of 0.5,1 and 1.5h was performed with an injection into caudal vein.The signal intensities of the tumor on T2 WI and T2 * WI were measured,and the differences of the signal intensities between pre-and post-enhancements or between both groups were analyzed.The iron particles within the tumors in two groups were confirmed by Prussian blue iron staining.The ex-pression of VEGF-C in HCC was proved by immunohistochemistry.Results The signal intensities of HCC on T2 WI and T2 * WI af-ter VEGF-C-USPI0 injection were decreased obviously with a minimum value at 1 h ,indicating a significant difference (P <0.05). However,those in USPIO group were decreased less without statistical differences (P >0.05).Statistical differences in signal inten-sity on T2 * WI after enhancement between both groups were also showed (P <0.05).Prussian blue staining results showed more iron particles within the tumor tissues in VEGF-C-USPI0 group,whereas less ones in USPIO group.Immunohistochemical results showed that VEGF-C was over expressed in cytoplasm and membrane.Conclusion VEGF-C-USPI0 molecular probes can initiatively target to the liver cancer in rat models with expressed VEGF-C,which may help to achieve the specific MR imaging of HCC,indica-ting a potential of the metastasis.

Objective To study the effect of caspase-3 on the primary cultured mice cortical neuron w ith herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Methods A spectrophotometer was used to de tect the absorbance units at 405 nm of the caspase-3 substrate,the chrom o phore p-nitroanilide(pNA ).Comparing with the normal group, virus group, s orbital group,and sorbital group with virus in the absorbance units of chromophore substrate.The changes in inner mitochondrial membrane p otential of the different group cells were analyzed with flow cytometry. Results The released chromphore was measured by determining the absorbance at 405 nm. N group is 0.394 2, V group is 0.240 8, NS group is 0.539 2, VS gr oup is 0.465 0,the control C1 group is 0.290 0, C2 group is 0.235 0 and all groups were analyzed by statistic (P