Aims: Acute diarrhea is still one of the major causes of death in children under five years old worldwide, including Indonesia. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Southeast Asia Region shows that acute diarrhea has caused approximately 10-11% of death in children under five years old and rotavirus (RV) is one of the major causes. This study is conducted to identify the profile and P genotypes of RV among children with acute diarrhea in Pekanbaru. Methodology and results: Descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in children within the range of age 0-60 months with acute diarrhea who admitted to the government clinics and General Hospital of Riau Province from January to July 2015. Immunochrommatography and RT-PCR were used to identify the P genotype of RV from the stool specimens. The profile of patients was investigated including age, sex, hydration and nutritional status, also the exclusive breastfeeding. There were 71 children who suffered from acute diarrhea and 62.0% of stools specimens were positive by RT-PCR for RV infection. The highest rate was in the age group of 6-35 month (70.5%). Most of the patients were female (54.5%), the history of exclusive breastfeeding (54.5%), with moderate dehydration (54.5%) and good nutritional status (97.7%). The RV genotyping results showed the highest proportion was found in the P4 genotype (31.8%), followed by the P8 and P6 genotype, respectively 18.2% and 13.6%, P9 (11.4%), P10 (9.1%), P11 (2.3%) and indeterminate genotype (13.6%). Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Rotavirus was found to be a considerable role as the etiology of diarrhea in children under five years in Pekanbaru and rotavirus P4 genotype was predominant. The result of this study is important for designing antigen-antibody diagnostics against RV.
Diarrhea ; Rotavirus

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy found in clinical practice. Corticosteroids are effective in treating CTS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effi cacy of oral versus local injection of triamcinolone in relieving symptoms and improving neurophysiological parameters in CTS. This is a randomized controlled trial performed at Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung. Inclusion criteria were idiopathic CTS patients without thenar atrophy and no contraindications to corticosteroids. Subjects were divided into oral or injection groups. The oral group was given 16 mg triamcinolone daily for 2 weeks followed by 8 mg daily for the next 2 weeks and local placebo injection. The injection group was given 15 mg local injection triamcinolone and oral placebo. The outcome was assessed using Global Symptom Score and nerve conduction studies. Fifty subjects were randomized to oral or injection group. The injection group show signifi cant improvement at 2 and 4 weeks while the oral group showed signifi cant improvement only at 2 weeks. Comparing both groups, improvement in neurophysiological parameters were signifi cantly greater in the injection group. In conclusion, local injection triamcinolone show better neurophysiologic outcome and effi cacy in relieving symptoms compared to oral triamcinolone in CTS.

Purpose: Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the second most common form of optic neuropathy. Most patients show no improvement over time. Until now, there is still no definitive therapy for NAION. The available literatures on the possible treatment of NAION are quite diverse and controversial. Neuroprotection strategies have been suggested as one of the potential treatments for NAION. This review aims to critically evaluate the literature on neuroprotective strategy for NAION. Methods: This report was written in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. We performed a systematic literature search in Pubmed, Science Direct, Proquest, and Cochrane databases. Only neuroprotective agents that directly work in protecting neurons were included. The outcome of interest in this review is retinal ganglion cell density and apoptosis for animal studies and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness for human studies. Results: The systematic search identified 591 studies of which 24 met the eligibility criteria, including 21 animal studies and three human studies. Only a few of the studies evaluated the same treatments, showing how diverse neuroprotector treatments are currently being evaluated as NAION treatment. From 21 animal studies, 14 studies showed significantly higher retinal ganglion cell density (1.49- to 2.81-fold) with neuroprotective treatment compared to control group. Two of three human studies in this review had also found a beneficial effect of preserving retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in NAION patients. Conclusions This review suggests the potential of neuroprotection as a viable option in the quest for an effective treatment strategy for NAION. Further studies, particularly clinical studies, are necessary to establish its efficacy in NAION patients.

Aims: Acute diarrhea is still one of the major causes of death in children under five years old worldwide, including Indonesia. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Southeast Asia Region shows that acute diarrhea has caused approximately 10-11% of death in children under five years old and rotavirus (RV) is one of the major causes. This study is conducted to identify the profile and P genotypes of RV among children with acute diarrhea in Pekanbaru. Methodology and result: Descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in children within the range of age 0-60 months with acute diarrhea who admitted to the government clinics and General Hospital of Riau Province from January to July 2015. Immunochrommatography and RT-PCR were used to identify the P genotype of RV from the stool specimens. The profile of patients was investigated including age, sex, hydration and nutritional status, also the exclusive breastfeeding. There were 71 children who suffered from acute diarrhea and 62.0% of stools specimens were positive by RT-PCR for RV infection. The highest rate was in the age group of 6-35 month (70.5%). Most of the patients were female (54.5%), the history of exclusive breastfeeding (54.5%), with moderate dehydration (54.5%) and good nutritional status (97.7%). The RV genotyping results showed the highest proportion was found in the P4 genotype (31.8%), followed by the P8 and P6 genotype, respectively 18.2% and 13.6%, P9 (11.4%), P10 (9.1%), P11 (2.3%) and indeterminate genotype (13.6%). Conclusion, significance and impact of study Rotavirus was found to be a considerable role as the etiology of diarrhea in children under five years in Pekanbaru and rotavirus P4 genotype was predominant. The result of this study is important for designing antigen-antibody diagnostics against RV.