Biopsies of ileal mucosa of 38 healthy Chinese were obtained through colonofibroscope. The observations under SEM showed that the major type of villi of the ileal mucosa are finger-shaped; a small number tongue-shaped, ridge-shaped villi are in rare cases. The branched or fused villi were not found in our study.

ObjectiveTo detect the changes of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with high resolution endoscopy,and to explore its diagnostic value for nonerosive reflux disease (NERD). Methods From April 2007 to January 2008, consecutive out-patients visiting the Department of Gastroenterology due to continuous or recurrent symptoms of acid reflux, heartburn, cardiac-like chest pain for at least three months and volunteer healthy controls were recruited to the study. The subjects were classified into the normal group ( n =48 ), the NERD group ( n =70), the erosive esophagitis (EE) group ( n =70), and the Barrett esophagus (BE) group ( n =48). All subjects underwent endoscopy, and the shape of Z-lines, the shape of mucosal pits, mucosa roughness above Z-line and the shape of mucosal blood vessels were observed. The NERD changes were analyzed with optimal scale. ResultsZ-line shape of NERD group showed a significant difference from that of EE and BE groups ( P ＜ 0. 01 ), which was not different from that of normal controls ( P ＞0. 01 ). The shape of mucosal pits of NERD group was different from that of EE and BE (P ＜0. 01 ), which also was not different from that of control (P＞0. 01 ). Roughness of the mucosa above Z-line of NERD group was different from other 3 groups (P ＜0. 05). And the shape of mucosal blood vessels of NERD was different from the control (P＜0. 05), but was not from two others. Features of NERD relative images were thin,straight and spiral blood vessels, bar-like pits, plat mucosa, round, smooth and wide tooth-like Z-line and mucosa of white particle hypertrophy. ConclusionHigh resolution endoscopic features of most NERD patients are cloudy, white and rough mucosal surface, with white particular hypertrophy, spiral vascular dilation, extending to Z-line. These features can be indicators of NERD.

Objective To evaluate diagnostic value of pit pattern analysis on detection of early colorectal carcinoma. Methods 4176 patients were examined with colonoscopy and had the mucosal lesions stained with 0.4% indigo carmine, and part of them observed with magnifying endoscope and stereomicroscope, then compared the mucosal crypt patterns (the pit patterns Kudo classification) with pathologic diagnosis. Results There were 955 protruded and flat lesions on the large intestine mucosa in 752 patients, and among them there are 14 early cancers, 209 advanced cancers, 76Ⅱa、Ⅱb、Ⅱc、Ⅱa+Ⅱc lesions. We also found 43 laterally spreading tumors (LST) ranging from 16 to 110 mm in diameter, 2 for pit Ⅱ,18 for pit Ⅲ L, 19 for pit Ⅳ, 1 for pit Ⅴ A, 1 for Ⅴ N. The pit pattern of the most non neoplastic lesions was type Ⅰ or Ⅱ, which is about 85.4% (303/355), and the type of the adenomas was type Ⅲ or Ⅳ, about 86.0% (504/586). All the invasive carcinomas'pit patterns were type Ⅴ and there were 8 for type Ⅴ (2 Ⅴ A, 6Ⅴ N) among 14 early carcinomas. Conclusion Pit pattern analysis is a very important tool to determine the nature of lesions, which helps to decide the kinds of later therapeutic intervention.

Objective To study on the clinical application and value of double-balloon video en teroscopy in diagnosing small inlestinal bleeding. Methods Fifty-four cases with suspected small intestinal bleeding were subjected to double-balloon video enteroscopy, via the mouth and /or anus in 21, 20 and 13 cases respectively, the procedure was performed under X-ray monitoring. Results The positive rate of en-doscopy was 90. 7% , the findings were isolated or multi small intestinal ulcer 11 cases, Crhon' s disease 7 cases; chronic nonspecific inflammation 6 cases, entero-mesenchymoma 6 cases; high differentiated adeno-carcinoma 3 cases; polyps 2 cases, lymphoma 1 case, stero-pro-nematodiasis 2 cases, ancylostomiasis 2 cases, vascular deformity 2 cases ( 1 with active hemorrhage) , Michael diverticulosis 2 case, iliac polydivertic ulosis 1 case, ulcerative colonitis 1 case, duodenal stasis I case, duodenal ulcer 2 cases and essentially normal 5 cases. Complications related to the procedure never occurred. Conclusions The main causes of small intestinal bleeding are benign ulcers and tumor, as well as chronic inflammation. Parasitosis is the fourth cause. Diverticulosis and vascular deformity are the rare cause. But Michael diverticulosis is an important cause for the children with small intestinal bleeding., Double-balloon video enleroscopy is the most valuable method in diagnosing small intestinal diseases.

Objective To assess the feasibility of gastroscopy training with AccuTouch(R) Endoscopy Simulator for novice endoscopists. Methods The novice endoscopists ( n = 8 ) were divided into 2 groups to receive training with the simulator ( group A, n = 4) or with traditional method ( group B, n = 4). After the training, we compared the success rate of independent performance, success rate with aids and failure rate for the first 10 cases between 2 groups. Results There were no significant differences between 2 groups in terms of age, gender, educational background and experience of practice. The group A showed higher independent success rate and success rate with aids, and lower failure rate. Conclusion The simulator, decreasing the learning fees and improving learning efficiency, is applicable to endoscopist training.

Objective To investigate whether the colonoscopy skills could be retained after the endoscopy simulator training,and to find evidence for curriculum design.Methods A total of 14 trainees received virtual reality simulator colonoscopy training and took a standardized VR colonoscopy test at the end of training and at 6 months later without practice during the time period.Results Scores drastically decreased at 6 months after training when compared to those right after the training.Although there was no difference in safety or accuracy,there was significant difference in the residual air volume,intestinal loop and procedure time.Conclusion Some skills acquired by using the Endoscopy Simulator can be retained,but other skills may be lost,which requires more practice.

Objective To evaluate the endoscopic features and treatment of gastrointestinal carciholds. Methods Data of 44 patients diagnosed as gastrointestinal carcinoid from 2002 to 2009, including clinical manifestation, endoscopic findings, treatment and follow-up, were analyzed retrospectively. Results Most common presentations were abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits, while some patients (n = 7 ) did not have any symptoms. Most lesions were elevated submucosal ones with normal mucosal pit pattern of type Ⅰ . Larger lesions appeared as polyps with mucosal pit pattern of type Ⅲ and 1 malignant carcinoid as type Ⅴ. Endoscopic ultrasonography were performed in 29 patients and all lesions were presented as submucosal hypoechoic masses with distinct borders. Endoscopic fulguration with high frequency current was applied in 12 patients and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) in 32. One patient with malignant carcinoid accepted multiple EMRs and died from lung and liver metastasis 6 months after last procedure. No recurrence was observed in other 43 patients during the follow-up visit of 3 months to 5 years. Conclusion Gastrointestinal carcinoid is lack of specific symptoms, and the diagnosis is made by endoscopic and pathologic findings.