In this paper, the origins, characteristics and poisoning mechanisms of shellfish poisons including the paralytic shellfish poison(PSP),the diarrheic shellfish poison(DSP), the neurotoxic shellfish poison(NSP) and the amnestic shellfish poison(ASP) were introduced briefly. Methods of assay and detoxification of shellfish poisons were also discussed in detail.

Formation of dermal collagen fiber is a complicated and sequential process with the progressive assembly of collagen. Collagen monomers form stepped and orderly protofibrils through longitudinal displacement. Subsequently, protofibrils or protofibrils and collagen are bonded by covalent bonds to form orderly lamellar structure of collagen fibers. Then collagen fibers are tightly wound into coarse collagen fiber bundles by covalent crosslinking. Decorin is a multifunctional small leucine-rich proteoglycan. It can prevent the aggregation of protofibrils by binding to the specific site of collagen with its core protein, and adjusting the spacing between the protofibrils with its glycosaminoglycan chain. Thus, by effecting the formation of collagen fibers with regulation of collagen assembly, decorin may help prevent scar formation and even promote regeneration.
Collagen ; Decorin ; metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Fibrillar Collagens ; metabolism ; ultrastructure ; Fibrin ; metabolism ; Humans ; Microfibrils ; metabolism ; Proteoglycans ; metabolism ; pharmacology

Noroviruses (NoVs) are one of the most important foodborne viral pathogens worldwide. Shellfish are the most common carriers of NoVs as they can concentrate and accumulate large amounts of the virus through filter feeding from seawater. Shellfish may selectively accumulate NoVs with different genotypes, and this bioaccumulation may depend on the season and location. Our previous studies found various histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) in shellfish tissues. While HBGAs might be the main reason that NoVs are accumulated in shellfish, the detailed mechanism behind NoV concentration and bioaccumulation in shellfish is not clear. Here we review current research into NoV bioaccumulation, tissue distribution, seasonal variation, and binding mechanism in shellfish. This paper may provide insight into controlling NoV transmission and decreasing the risks associated with shellfish consumption.
Animals ; Caliciviridae Infections ; transmission ; virology ; Food Contamination ; analysis ; Foodborne Diseases ; virology ; Humans ; Norovirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Shellfish ; virology

Objective: To determine phellodendrine in Cortex Phellodendri by HPLC. Methods : HPLC condition consists of C 18 column (Phenomenex, 150mm, 5?), actonitrile:250mL of 0.05mol?L -1 phosphoric acid +0.4mL of diethylamine (9∶91, v/v) as mobile phase, detection wavelength at 284nm. Results : The averagy recovery of phellofendrine was 101.43% ( RSD =1.56%, n =5) and the linear range of phellodrine was 0.4368～2.1840?g??L -1 , r =0.9998. Conclusion : The method is simple, accurate and reproducible, and can be used for the determination of phellodendrine in Cordex Phellodendri.

Objective To investigate the factors associated with contralateral recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax And prosvide referencee for how to prevent primary spontaneous Pneumothrorax with Contralateral recurrence.Methods From January 2006 to December 2011,the clinical follow-up data of 203 patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax were reviewed.The median follow-up time was 43 months.Results Two hundred and three patients developed 241 recurrences,among which 27 patients had contralateral recurrences.The average time of contralateral recurrence was 20.19 months.Patients with contralateral recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax had smaller age(P ＜ 0.05),lower body weight (P ＜ 0.05) and lower body mass index (P ＜0.01).All patients with contralateral recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax received surgical treatment and were found bullae during surgery.Three patients had unilateral recurrences of pneumothorax during follow up,with single-stage bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for bilateral primary spontaneous pneumothorax.Conclusions Contralateral recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax is more common in patients with small age,low body weight and low body mass index.These patients could perform high-resolution computerized tomographic scan of the lung before surgery.Single-stage bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery may be considered for these patients with contralateral bullae on high-resolution computerized tomographic scan of the lung to prevent contralateral recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumuothorax.

Objective To improve the diagnosis and therapy of primary renal synovial sarcoma . Methods A single case of primary renal synovial sarcoma was reported .A 54-year-old female presented with left flank pain for six days .Enhanced CT scan revealed a nearly-circular mass with the diameter of 2.0 cm in the superior portion of the left kidney .It showed low and high density with punctate calcification .There were low and high density in left kidney around .A possible diagnosis of left renal tumor with rupturing was given prior to exploratory operation .During the operation , a large hematoma was found on the lateral peri-re-nal fascia, which adjoined with other organs .The hematoma was opened and the 1 000 ml dated clot and blood were removed .The tissue inside the hematoma showed fish meat like .The fast pathologic examination showed sarcomatoid tissue , then the case underwent radical left nephrectomy . Results Gross pathologic examination showed a ashen and fish-liked tumor of 3.0 cm×2.5 cm×1.5 cm with multiple sites of necrosis and hemorrhage .The histopathological examination revealed the tumor cells were spindle shaped .The tumor cells organized as bundle with indistinct border line and larger quantity of mitotic phase , which were positive for BCL-2, vimentin, EMA, CD79a and SMA, but negative for CD34, CK and CD10.A diagnosis of renal syn-ovial sarcoma was then determined .Targeted therapy with sunitinib ( 37.5 mg po qd ) was carried out postopreratively .There was no recurrence and metastasis during the six months following up . Conclusions Primary renal synovial sarcoma is an extremely rare entity .It is very difficult to diagnose through clinical symptoms and imaging .The accurate diagnosis is based on pathology or genetic and molecular tests .Radical nephrectomy and adjuvant therapy are the preferred strategy for the treatment .The prognosis is poor .Targeted therapy with sunitinib may be effective .

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the value of three preoperative imaging methods in the anterolateral thigh flap (ALT) transplantation.

METHODSAccording to preoperative imaging, patients who underwent the ALT flap transplantation were divided into three groups: computed tomography angiography (CTA) group, digital subtract angiography ( DSA) group and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) group. There were fifteen cases in each group. We compared the imaging quality of the ALT artery among these groups and recorded the parameters of lateral femoral circumflex artery, descending branches and perforators including type, course and size. The results from images were compared with intraoperative findings. The success rate and complications were also recorded.

RESULTSThe preoperative imaging accuracy of the types of the lateral femoral circumflex artery and descending branch was more than 92.3%, with no significant different between any two of three groups (P > 0.05). The difference in diameters of descending branches and perforators from preoperative measurement and from intraoperative measurement was also not significant between any two of the three groups; the success rate and complications were not also obviously different (P > 0.05 , P > 0.05, respectively).

CONCLUSIONSPreoperative mapping using CTA, DSA and MRA is a feasible and reliable method for the flap design in ALT transplantation. As a preoperative evaluation means, CTA and MRA may replace DSA in the ALT transplantation.

Angiography, Digital Subtraction ; methods ; Feasibility Studies ; Femoral Artery ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Angiography ; Preoperative Care ; Surgical Flaps ; transplantation ; Thigh ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Objective To provide anatomical basis for the design of the V-Y advancement flap and investigate the morphological characters of the dorsal carpal perforators.Methods From August,2017 to October,2018,30 sides aduh specimens of hand were perfused with red latex.The following contents were observed under surgical magnifier:①The origin,courses,branches,and distribution of the dorsal carpal perforators.②The characters of dorsal carpal perforators in agreement with the antebrachial and dorsal metacarpal vascular net.Results The dorsal carpal vascular network was composed of deep vascular network (bone and joint network) and superficial vascular network (fasciocutaneous network).The deep vascular network was located at the deep aspect of the extensor tendons and was commonly formed by dorsal carpal branch of radial artery,dorsal carpal branch of anterior interosseous artery,ascending branch of the dorsal carpal perforator from the deep palmar arch,and dorsal carpal branch of ulnar artery.The superficial vascular network was located on the surface of the extensor tendons and was mainly formed by dorsal carpal branch of radial artery,dorsal carpal branch of ulnar artery,dorsal carpal branch of anterior interosseous artery,radial and ulnar myocutaneous branches of posterior interosseous artery,and the perforators from the deep vascular network.The 3rd and 4th perforators puncturing out from the ulnar and radial margins of the extensor tendon had a constant occurrence rate (100％) with an outer diameter of (0.7±0.3) mm and (0.6±0.2) mm,respectively,and a length of (1.1±0.4) cm and (0.9±0.4) cm,respectively.They were divided into the ascending branch,descending branch,and collateral branch.And finally anastomosis with antebrachial and dorsal metacarpal perforators.Conclusion The V-Y advancement flap based on the dorsal carpal perforators can be a good choice for restoring the dorsal metacarpal defects.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic value of endoscopic jejunal tube placement, endoscopic clipping, and over the scope clip ( OTSC) for digestive fistula. Methods Data of 38 patients with digestive fistulas at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University admitted from July 2015 to July 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Treatments were chosen according to the size and the site of the fistulas. Thirteen patients underwent jejunal tube placement ( the jejunal tube group ) , 20 underwent endoscopic clipping( the endoscopic clipping group) , and 5 underwent OTSC( the OTSC group) . The technical success rate, clinical cure rate and postoperative hospital stay were analyzed. Results All patients received the endoscopic operation successfully with no significant complications. In the jejunal tube group, 4 patients′fistulas fully healed, lesion was smaller after treatment in 3 patients, lesion didn′t change in 5 patients, and 1 patient died. The complete cure rate was 30. 8％ (4/13), and the postoperative hospital stay was 47. 4± 14. 1 days. For the endoscopic clipping group, 16 patients′ fistulas fully healed, lesion was no smaller compared with that before treatment in 3 cases, and 1 patient died. The complete cure rate was 80. 0％ ( 16/20) , and the postoperative hospital stay was 17. 9 ± 8. 9 days. Total patients in the OTSC group were completely cured, with 100. 0％( 5/5) of complete cure rate. One patient with refractory esophageal fistula underwent OTSC repeatedly with endoscopic clipping, and the healing time of fistula was 102 days. The postoperative hospital stay of 4 others was 5. 3±1. 7 days. The cure rate of fistula was higher (P=0. 03, P<0. 001) and the postoperative hospital stay was shorter ( P=0. 04, P<0. 001) in the OTSC group compared with the clipping group and the jejunal tube group. Conclusion Endoscopic management is safe and effective for digestive fistulas with less trauma, easy performance and short time of healing.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of different laparoscopic surgeries for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) of gastric cardia and fundus.Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 251 patients with GIST of gastric cardia and fundus who underwent laparoscopic radical resection in 14 medical centers, including Guangdong Provincial People′s Hospital et al, from December 2007 to December 2021 were collected. There were 123 males and 128 females, aged 58(24,87)years. Observation indicators: (1) treatment; (2) clinicopathological data of patients undergoing different laparoscopic surgeries; (3) subgroup analysis for special laparoscopic techniques. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the t test or ANOVA. Measure-ment data with skewed distribution were represented as M( Q1, Q3), and comparison between groups was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis H test. Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages. Comparison of ordinal data was conducted using the rank sum test. Results:(1) Treatment. Of the 251 patients,202 cases underwent gastric wedge resection, 26 cases underwent special laparoscopic techniques including 10 cases with serotomy and dissection and 16 cases with transluminal gastrectomy, 23 cases underwent structural gastrectomy including 6 cases with total gastrectomy and 17 cases with proximal partial gastrectomy. There were 24 patients had postoperative complications after surgery. (2) Clinicopathological data of patients undergoing different laparoscopic surgeries. The gender (male, female), age, tumor diameter, operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, length of incision, time to postoperative initial whole liquid food intake, time to postoperative initial semi-liquid food intake, duration of postoperative hospital stay, cases with perioperative complications, cases with mitotic count as ≤5/50 high power field, 6?10/50 high power field, >10/50 high power field, cases be classified as very low risk, low risk, medium risk, high risk according to the National Institutes of Health risk classification, cases with tumor located at fundus and gastric cardia were 93, 109, (59±11)years, 3.50(0.40,10.00)cm, 88.00(25.00,290.00)minutes,20.00(25.00,290.00)mL, 4.00(2.00,12.00)cm, 3.00(1.00,9.00)days, 4.00(1.00,16.00)days, 5.00(1.00,18.00)days, 14, 164, 31, 7, 47, 83, 50, 22, 30, 172 in patients undergoing gastric wedge resection, respectively. The above indicators were 19, 7, (49±14)years, 2.55(0.20,5.00)cm, 101.00(59.00,330.00)minutes, 27.50(2.00,300.00)mL, 4.50(0,6.00)cm, 2.50(1.00,10.00)days, 4.00(1.00,16.00)days, 6.00(1.00,18.00)days, 3, 20, 5, 1, 15, 5, 2, 4, 24, 2 in patients undergoing special laparos-copic techniques, and 11, 12, (52±10)years, 5.00(0.80,10.00)cm, 187.00(80.00,325.00)minutes, 50.00(10.00,300.00)mL, 6.00(4.00,12.00)cm, 4.00(2.00,8.00)days, 6.00(3.00,14.00)days, 8.00(2.00,18.00)days, 7, 11, 5, 7, 2, 6, 6, 9, 13, 10 in patients undergoing structural gastrectomy. There were significant differences in the above indicators among the three groups of patients ( χ2=6.75, F=10.19, H=17.71, 37.50, 35.54, 24.68, 16.09,20.20, 13.76, χ2=13.32, Z=28.98, 32.17, χ2=82.14, P<0.05). (3) Subgroup analysis for special laparoscopic techniques. The time to postoperative initial whole liquid food intake, time to postoperative initial semi-liquid food intake, classification of tumor location (endophytic type, exophytic type, parietal type) were 4.50(1.00,10.00)days, 8.00(3.00,12.00)days, 0, 8, 2 in patients undergoing serotomy and dissection, versus 2.00(1.00,4.00)days, 3.00(1.00,6.00)days, 16, 0, 0 in patients undergoing transluminal gastrectomy. There were significant differences in time to postoperative initial whole liquid food intake, time to postoperative initial semi-liquid food intake between them ( Z=-2.65, -3.16, P<0.05); and there was a significant difference in classification of tumor location between them ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Gastric wedge resection is the most commonly used laparoscopic technique for GIST of gastric cardia and fundus. The application of special laparoscopic techniques is focused on the GIST of cardia to preserve the function of the cardia.