There are 3 geographical factors influence on the health care activity including distance, height and descent. They influenced relatively on the health care activity. The distance from home to commune health station (CHS) influenced the rate of home birth and immunization of tetanus vaccine of pregnant women. The height and descent influenced relatively on these rates. Both three geographical factors influenced significantly on the full immunization rate in children under 5 years.
Delivery of Health Care ; Demography

A cross-sectional study was conducted in HCM City in April-May 2004 on 600 men who have sex with men (MSMs) in order to identify the risk factors of HIV transmission for elaborating a specific interventions . Results showed that a big group of MSM was constituted with a private service system. In this group, various high risk sex behaviors were practised : in average, sex buyer- 28,9%, sellers-36,5%, anal sex with male partners-2,7% in the last recent months, no more 60% of men using condom in sex relation; in the last 6 months a rather low rate in this group-16,6% using condom in sex relation with normal women, with a very low rate-26,3% often using condom. In this group, there were 1,7% using intravenous drug in the last 12 months
Homosexuality ; Behavior ; Demography ; Men

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the educational quality of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) videos accessible on YouTube, one of the most important sources of internet-based medical information. METHODS: The keyword 'laparoscopic cholecystectomy' was used to search on YouTube and the first 100 videos were analyzed. Among them, 27 videos were excluded and 73 videos were included in the study. An arbitrary score system for video quality, devised from existing LC guidelines, were used to evaluate the quality of the videos. Video demographics were analyzed by the quality and source of the video. Correlation analysis was performed. RESULTS: When analyzed by video quality, 11 (15.1%) were evaluated as 'good', 40 (54.8%) were 'moderate', and 22 (30.1%) were 'poor', and there were no differences in length, views per day, or number of likes, dislikes, and comments. When analyzed by source, 27 (37.0%) were uploaded by primary centers, 20 (27.4%) by secondary centers, 15 (20.5%) by tertiary centers, 5 (6.8%) by academic institutions, and 6 (8.2%) by commercial institutions. The mean score of the tertiary center group (6.0 +/- 2.0) was significantly higher than the secondary center group (3.9 +/- 1.4, P = 0.001). The video score had no correlation with views per day or number of likes. CONCLUSION: Many LC videos are accessible on YouTube with varying quality. Videos uploaded by tertiary centers showed the highest educational value. This discrepancy in video quality was not recognized by viewers. More videos with higher quality need to be uploaded, and an active filtering process is necessary.
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic* ; Demography ; Gallbladder

Objectives: This study aimed to examine schizophrenic patient related factors- demographic, psychopathology, social function & premorbid social functioning - that would predict length of hospital stay and determine their relationship. Methodology: One hundred eighty four charts of schizophrenic patients admitted to Ward 7 of UP PGH from 2001- 2004 were reviewed. Data collected were the patient's demographic characteristics, psychopathology, premorbid social functioning and economic support system. Univariate and multivariate analyses were made to identify factors associated with length of hospital stay. Results: Of the 184 charts reviewed, 42 (23%) had a short hospital stay of 1- 14 hospital days while 142 ( 77%) were considered as having a long hospital stay i.e. more than 14 hospital days. Univariate analysis with p< 0.05 revealed that the number of IM medications and number of psychopharmacologic medications had a significant relationship with length of hospital stay. At a p value < 0.20, two additional predictors were identified: absence of heterosexual relationship and age of onset of illness. Multivariate analysis of these four factors revealed that age of onset of illness and number of psychopharmacologic interventions were patient related factors that predicted length of hospital stay. Conclusion Knowledge concerning patient related factors such as number of medications and age of onset were significant in predicting length of hospitalization for schizophrenic patients, which would be of help in formulating admissions and in patient policies for the hospital.
Length of Stay ; Demography

Background: The majority of women described hysterosalpingography (HSG) as a painful procedure. There is little information on the features of HSG-associated pain and factors that predispose to increased pain experience. Objectives: This study investigated preprocedure psychological state and related demographic factors as predictors of pain perception in women undergoing HSG. Methods: The sample included 99 women selected through consecutive sampling at the Radiology Department, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey design to collect data using Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, and Visual Analog Scale for the perception of pain and state anxiety. Results: The women with lower state anxiety reported significantly lower pain perception (X̅ = 6.69) than the women with high anxiety (X̅ = 7.93). Trait anxiety, state anxiety, and depression jointly predicted pain perception among the women undergoing HSG, with R2 = 0.117, F (3,95) = 6.797; P < 0.001. They collectively accounted for about 17.7% variance in pain perception. Conclusion Patients being prepared for the HSG procedure can be educated on concerns related to anxiety and coping strategies and be provided with anxiolytics or other medication as clinically indicated.
Demography ; Pain Perception ; Women

Objectives: This study described the clinical profile of patients with keratoconus at a single tertiary referral hospital. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional study that reviewed medical records of patients diagnosed with keratoconus from January 2015 to August 2022. Data on the clinical profile, intervention, and clinical outcomes were collected from the chart review. Results: Forty (40) patients (79 eyes) were included in the study. Majority (98%) had bilateral disease in which 22 (55.5%) were affected asymmetrically. The mean age was 21 years. Most patients (72.5%) were male. Blurring of vision was the chief complaint in all patients. Atopy was present in 23 patients (57.5%). History of vigorous eye rubbing was present in 31 (77.5%). The mean interval from onset of symptoms to consult was 46.4 ± 33.38 months. The mean pinhole corrected distance visual acuity was 0.47 ± 0.41 (Snellen equivalent of 20/59). The average spherical equivalent was -7.48D ± 6.99D. Corneal protrusion on slit-lamp biomicroscopy was seen in 78 eyes (98.7%). Other findings included Fleischer ring (53.2%), Vogt's striae (19.0%), and apical corneal scar (24.0%). Only one eye (1.3%) had no corneal findings. Thirty-nine eyes (49.3%) were classified as advancedsevere keratoconus. Rigid contact lens was planned for 60 eyes (75.9%). Sixty-two eyes (78.5%) were for collagen cross-linking. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty was planned in 10 eyes (12.7%) and penetrating keratoplasty in two eyes (2.5%). Conclusion Keratoconus at the Philippine General Hospital was most frequently seen in young males and asymmetrically affects both eyes. Patients consulted relatively late and presented with a more advanced stage of the disease. History of ocular allergy and eye rubbing were significant risk factors. Improving awareness of this condition must be emphasized to detect keratoconus earlier.
Keratoconus ; Cornea ; Demography ; Philippines

This is to determine current status and historical trends of the health of Korean adolescents. Adolescence is not only a time of health and well-being, but also a time of experimentation and of being at risk of significant threats by health-damaging behaviors. A comprehensive overview through a review of major national demographic data on health-related issues would give health professionals chances to deal with Korean adolescents' unique needs to improve their health.
Adolescent* ; Demography* ; Health Occupations ; Humans

The survey of demographic statistics and health status in 2002 was aimed to evaluate the trends of Vietnamese demographic changes. Results: total fertility rate (TFR) was preserved at 1.9 children/woman, childbearing age between 20 and 24. The rate of abortion in childbearing time was 0.6 time/woman. Author also mentioned some issues such as family planning, sources of contraceptive supply, rate of child death, maternal care, and immunization for children, treatment of diarrhea, and breastfeeding with concrete data
Demography ; Health Status ; Fertility ; diagnosis

OBJECTIVE: To present the demographic profile, etiology and treatment outcome of patients presenting with epistaxis in our local setting.

METHODS:

         Design:             Retrospective Study

         Setting:           Tertiary Private University Hospital

         Participants: Records of 188 patients who presented with epistaxis at the emergency room as well as in-patient admissions and referrals due to epistaxis from January 2017 to December 2017 were reviewed.

RESULTS:  There were a total of 188 patients who presented with epistaxis, with a male to female ratio of 2:1. Peak incidence was noted in young children aged 0-10 years old and again rising in adults above 60 years of age. The most common cause of epistaxis was noted to be trauma (56, 29.79%), followed by hypertension (41, 21.81%) and mucositis at (38, 20.21%). Conservative management were done in majority of the cases (187, 99.47%) with an overall success rate of 95.19% (178 out of 188).

CONCLUSION: One of the most common emergencies that people may encounter in their lifetime is epistaxis. Understanding the demographic profile, etiology, intervention and treatment outcome of patients with epistaxis is essential for the establishment of cost-effective treatment guidelines, protocols and preventive strategies. Health education remains to be a key in reducing morbidity and mortality resulting from epistaxis.

OBJECTIVE: A growing body of research has documented that occupational stress is associated with workers' adverse health outcomes such as mental distress, depression and burnout. This study was performed to identify the relationship between occupational stress and burnout among occupational therapists in Korea. METHODS: A total of 226 occupational therapists registered in the Korean Association of Occupational Therapist participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess demographics, subjective health status, work-related factors, occupational stress and burnout. Burnout was measured by Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Occupational stressors were assessed using 26-items of the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS-26(R)). This scale consists of items targeting at physical environment, job demand, insufficient job control, interpersonal conflict, job insecurity, lack of reward, organizational system and occupational climate. Simple and multiple regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between 8 occupational stressors and burnout, separately. SAS 9.1 version was used for the analyses, and a P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The results show that all occupational stressors were associated with burnout after adjustment for control variables. Occupational stressors accounted for from 14.39% (p<0.001, organizational system) to 33.21% (p<0.001, occupational climate) of the variance in burnout. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that occupational stress might play a significant role in increasing the risk of burnout among occupational therapists.
Climate ; Demography ; Depression ; Korea ; Phenothiazines ; Questionnaires ; Reward